We Review Essay Example

We Review Paper Essay on We Stupor shout Mariupol boring and unbearable thing quiet hysteria. A review of all the good detail, thanks, NATA. And wonderful conclusion a nightmare! It is true: on the one hand the funny, the other a nightmare. The protagonist a mathematician lime, all technocratic nonsense, foolishness with tsifiryu, numerous references to Taylor (scholarship fruits from England), about the room, Gas, etc. reminiscent of Bulgakovs such nonsense pituitary in the same period (almost all of them are twins), by the way, buddy Zamyatin like writing dominates both over, alas, minimally necessary knowledge of what. Neutral parody retelling prejudice Unified Reader heads of his time. So the first sad all the predictions of future relations between the state and the person that supposedly guessed Zamyatin. Nonsense, do not guess anything at this point the story has all of the proposed set of Zamyatin discoveries have tried, but its a long story, do not know what the reader Zamyatin and will never know, but it it not necessary The second sad Zamyatin He ascribes the future narrow-minded idea of ​​State and all these things for some reason called then dystopia. That is, as they say, our friend Dr. Evil, no channel: the thing is, what is the state the phenomenon of the archaic past, not the future here all inexperienced readers and thrown, and therefore it was found that not over a thousand years and only ten more of Zamyatin absurdity began to manifest itself as a blotter in the relationship of law and human and we, in Germany. And that in actual fact it was clear about it in the mid-20s? Amazingly, I understood and predicted it at the same time, Nikolai Ivanovich Bolshevik theorist, a favorite of the party, which was destroyed along with it in the 30s, but later rediscovered skeptic Steven Cohen. We Review Essay Example We Review Paper Essay on We In the novel We Zamyatin creates a model of the One State, where the life of every well-regulated, and the man is only a cog in a streamlined, pre-programmed mechanism. At the head of the State Benefactor, who is assisted by Keepers. Jobs solely for the benefit of all, love only the pink coupons names what an anachronism, everyone the number, it dehumanizes, averages, and impersonal people easier to manage, because they no longer feel the personalities, extraordinary, not like the others, with its advantages and disadvantages. Instead of clothes uniforms, instead of freedom of choice the complete subjugation instead of entertainment laudatory odes Benefactor and marching under the anthem of the One State. It would seem that, in this strictly rational, reasonable little world where emotions are suppressed, and the collective interest prevails over personal, everything is predetermined in advance, but thats a surprise the D-503 suddenly (! Horror of horrors) begins to form the soul. - It is very dangerous I babbled. Terminally cut with scissors. It really is very dangerous, because the D-503 will be the personality that is different from the other, original and unique in its kind, and most importantly feel the taste of freedom. And this can not be avoid, because in this case could start the epidemic, and control over the lives of ciphers will be lost. D-503 is not alone in his illness, there are still people who do not want such happiness in which satisfied all their needs, except for one the opportunity to be themselves, and not fully comply with the preset order and suppress my personality. Order given Benefactor Great Operation. Why worry, to fear, to feel, to experience, to torment yourself with questions, doubts, illusions, if you can get rid of it remove imagination and feelings. Happening the revolt, but if it turned out as intended conspirators An interesting novel style crisp, curt, abrupt proposal, the emotional stress that comes through in all the narrative and is transmitted from the main character readers, amazing metaphors: old moon smile inky familiar, saffron-yellow silk, smile vinegar, the drawn curtain eyes , sweet, sharp, white teeth; smile. She disclosed cup chair like a bee in her sting and honey , crumbling rocky ribs and teeth yellow walls At first, all this hard to take, and then gradually get involved, and not easy to come off and move on. this little world, where everything seems illusory, curved, like a mathematically verified, attractive and repulsive at the same time. Constant movement, event speaker one image is replaced by another, a mathematical term used to describe a quadrangle, and it freckled face, irrational root of minus one, I purposely chose the path not the hypotenuse, and two Catete ., dvoyakoizognutye lips We will write a custom essay sample on We Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on We Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on We Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer one of the sites I came across when discussing the novel with the comment: We have never and will never confess that it is of such operations are sometimes secretly dreams not right? I would very much like to believe that it is not that we are different, n e dream and do not want to turn into a zombie, obedient robots, mechanically and indifferently looking at the world, do not feel anything, but quite believe it can not. Something prevents We Review Essay Example We Review Paper Essay on We The book is heavy and complicated. Interestingly, the attempt to imagine and draw a picture of the future society led all who undertook it for a very sad conclusion (Jack London. The Iron Heel). It is quite another thing when the people were taken for this Sophisticated in theory! One of the most interesting attempts to imagine the future of society, relying on the understanding of the reality of trends, were NI ideas Bukharin. In 1916, they were actually given ( the theory of the imperialist state), the foresight of the new Leviathan a militaristic state capitalism of proximal development of state organisms since there is no socialist revolution is only possible in the form of a militarist state capitalism. Centralization centralization becomes a barracks inevitably gain the upper among the most infamous warlords, beastly drill proletariat, bloody repression. Island (before the break in relations!) Controversy surrounding the article with Lenin at the end of last, not only led t o a complete agreement with the conclusions of Bukharin (in May 1917), but also to write his famous work of Lenin, The State and Revolution. Bukharin scholar Stephen Cohen (historian, political scientist, professor at Princeton University) specifically noted the growing anxiety among Bukharins theoretical, becoming almost prophetic question: Do imagine the possibility of a third type of a modern society can not not capitalist or socialist? Unwilling to evasion in unpleasant theoretical problems, Bukharin between 1915 and 1928. I raised the issue of four (!) times. he replied each time in the affirmative, but stressed that, although such a society is conceivable in theory, in reality it is impossible. Two examples show the direction of his thinking. Bukharin was the first who in 1915 pointed to the possibility of non-socialist non-market economy: If the commodity mode of production then we destroyed would be very special economic form (!) (!) it would no longer capitalism, as the pr oduction of goods would disappear; but still less than it would be socialism, as would be preserved (and even deepened to) the domination of one class over another. Such an economic structure would resemble most closed slave economy, when there is no slave market. In 1928, he returns to this theme: Here there is a planned economy, organized distribution, not only in terms of communication and relationships between the different branches of production, but also in terms of consumption. The slave in this society gets its share of food items that make up the total product of labor. It can get very small, but the crisis still is not. We Review Essay Example We Review Paper Essay on We Stupor shout Mariupol boring and unbearable thing quiet hysteria. A review of all the good detail, thanks, NATA. And wonderful conclusion a nightmare! It is true: on the one hand the funny, the other a nightmare. The protagonist a mathematician lime, all technocratic nonsense, foolishness with tsifiryu, numerous references to Taylor about Gas room, etc. reminiscent of Bulgakovs such nonsense pituitary in the same period (almost all of them are twins), by the way, buddy Zamyatin like writing dominates both over, alas, minimally necessary knowledge of what. Neutral parody retelling prejudice Unified Reader heads of his time. So the first sad all the predictions of future relations between the state and the person that supposedly guessed Zamyatin. Nonsense, do not guess anything at this point the story has all of the proposed set of Zamyatin discoveries have tried, but its a long story, do not know what the reader Zamyatin and will never know, but it it not necessary The second sad Zamyatin He ascribes the future narrow-minded idea of ​​State and all these things for some reason called then dystopia. That is, as they say, our friend Dr. Evil, no channel: the thing is, what is the state the phenomenon of the archaic past, not the future here all inexperienced readers and thrown, and therefore it was found that not over a thousand years and only ten more of Zamyatin absurdity began to manifest itself as a blotter and Human relations States (and by the way we have, and in Germany). And what in actual fact is the fact that it was clear then? And I understand and accurately predicted this at the same time only one theorist Nikolai Ivanovich, later rediscovered skeptic Steven Cohen.

Interest Rate Report

Interest Rate Report Free Online Research Papers Introduction Big Drive Auto is a multistate dealer of several manufacturer’s cars and trucks. Big Drive not only sells the cars but a large part of their business is servicing the autos. This paper will address the managerial decisions that are affected by increasing interest rates and how increasing interest rates affect the cost of operating a business. The current yield curve will be discussed and what this means for Big Drive Auto’s organizational decision making. This paper will analyze how the change in interest rates can change consumer demand. In closing, some other monetary variables, such as durability, government taxes, and capital goods on hand will be explored. Decisions Affected by Interest Rates Large decisions, such as long term investments in new dealership sites or new equipment, would be affected by interest rates. According to the Jednak (2005), â€Å"Interest rates certainly have an impact on how business owners make management and operational decisionsparticularly decisions about long-term investments in new plants and equipment† ( ¶ 1). Things such as new service equipment or new buildings are considered capital purchases. Capital purchases are those that add equity to Big Drive Auto’s assets. With increasing interest rates the actual price for such projects will be higher than the estimated costs because the higher interest rate will be applied. Introducing a new model to Big Drive’s line of autos is another decision that would be affected by interest rates. If interest rates are high, the demand for cars will decrease. A market of declining demand is not a good time to introduce a new model. In a market with a decreasing or low interest rate the demand for cars with increase. The dollar can buy more in such a market. This is the market in which consumers are willing to try new products. How Interest Rates Affect the Cost of Operating a Business Interest rates affect the cost of operating a business in many aspects. If the interest rates are rising, Big Drive Auto must have a higher gross margin to cover the increased fixed expense. Big Drive Auto will have to pass this increase to the consumer. If this was to happen in a market with a decrease in auto sales it could be fatal to Big Drive Auto. Interest rates have the biggest effect on capital projects. An example of a capital project would be if Big Drive Auto was contemplating the purchase of a new hydraulic lift for one of the service bays. This project would be financed and therefore, be affected by the interest rates. If the interest rates are increasing, Big Drive would pay more for the lift and thereby decrease the amount of equity the lift holds. According to McConnell Brue (2004), â€Å"Investment spending is guided by profit motive; businesses buy capital goods only when they think such purchases will be profitable† (p. 159). The Yield Curve and the effect of its Shape on the Decision Making in the Organization The Yield Curve is a graphical representation of the rates of return for short-term to long-term Treasuries. A normal yield curve rises from left to right; this illustrates that long-term bonds command higher interest rates than short-term bills and notes. According to Isidore (2009), â€Å"The 10-year yield dipped briefly below the fed funds rate Wednesday morning after a report showed a big drop in demand in April for cars, refrigerators and other big-ticket items known as durable goods† ( ¶ 6). This inverted yield curve would normally be indicative of an impending recession. In a recession Big Drive Auto needs to make decisions that will increase their net sales and decrease their overall operations costs; in doing this Big Drive will be able to sell cars at a lower price. According to the Newman (2009) â€Å"Most automakers are aggressively cutting production to halt chronic overbuilding†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ( ¶ 5). Consumers cutback on spending in times of a recession. Being able to price the cars lower will increase Big Drive’s net sales. Changes in Interest Rates affect Customer Demand The auto industry relies on their consumers being able to finance the funds needed to purchase the automobile. When interest rates rise, the auto industry is greatly affected. A consumer will shy away from purchasing a new automobile because of the high interest rate that comes with the financing needed. In other words, a higher interest rate will decrease the customer demand. As interest rates increase so does the requirements for approval of the financing. Therefore, in addition to consumers not wanting to pay a higher interest rate, the consumers willing to pay the higher interest rate may be ineligible for financing. This lack of financing could lead to a decrease in auto sales for Big Drive Auto. Other Monetary Variables When making business investment decisions, variables other than interest rate should be considered. Durability of capital goods should be looked at when making decisions. Big Drive Auto needs to assess if they truly need a new hydraulic lift or will the better fiscal decision be getting the old one fixed. Business taxes also need to be considered when making business investment decisions. An increase in taxes lowers the expected profitability in investment. This shifts the investment demand curve to the left. This shift to the left means the Big Drive will have a decreased rate of return. Lastly, the amount of capital goods on hand should be considered when making investment decisions. If Big Drive is overstocked with inventory because the demand has decreased for autos, their expected rate of return on new investments will decline. Big Drive would have little incentive to invest in new capital. Therefore, less investment is realized at each real interest rate. Conclusion The key decision makers may have previously made decisions that will now be affected by the rising interest rates. The fact that the interest rates are rising means increased production cost for Big Drive Auto. They could pass this increase off to the customer or they can cut production volume. As the interest rates get higher the customer demand will drop. Big Drive Auto should not only use interest rates to base their business investment decisions. They should also use monetary variables, such as taxes, capital goods on hand, and durability, when making investment decisions. These are rough economic times for Big Drive Auto. Auto sales are down and banks are not lending money. Rising interest rates can spell big trouble for businesses that sell products in which their customers must finance. However, with some thought Big Drive Auto can watch for opportunities and avoid obvious pitfalls. Research Papers on Interest Rate ReportTwilight of the UAWIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductPETSTEL analysis of IndiaCapital PunishmentPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyOpen Architechture a white paper

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example This leads to the question of what really determine what a person buys? When and how he disposes the product? The different characteristics by consumer are known as consumer behavior. In simple terms, one can define consumer behavior as the processes involved when a person purchases, use or dispose a product (Michael, Askegaard & Hogg 2006, p. 33) from the definition we can depict that before a consumer make a purchase, use or dispose a product, first there are stages which are involved. Secondly, there are factors that affects their behavior before making a choice on what to purchase when purchasing and those that affect them after purchasing. It is these factors that help the seller or the marketer to win the customer and lure them to buy their product. Hence marketer should have a clear understanding what products and brands means to consumers , it is also important that he or she understand what it takes for the customer to purchase the product and use it. (Paul & Olson 2010, p.7) There are many theories that explain the subject consumer behavior such as economic man theory, psychodynamic theory, behaviorist theory, perception theory among many others. In this paper we will be looking at how the marketers in different companies use the perception theory consumer behavior to persuade customers to make more sales. People are normally drawn by what they see, feel, smell and hear, if they are able to identify themselves with it and they are pleased. Any customer in the market will always buy what please his or her eyes; a supermarket only keep it goods on display and buyer pick them depending on how they are pleased by them. It is from this that the theory of perception was developed. Perception is not a single event but a series of events that a person goes through when selecting, organizing and interpreting stimuli into a meaningful and coherent Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example According to Bouhlel, Mzoughi and Slimane (2011), success of a marketing strategy for a brand is based on proper assessment of the nature of the consumers and their purchasing behavior. Marketing strategies and methodologies must be objective and results oriented to enable companies to achieve higher sales and thus increased revenue. Because consumers usually pass through certain steps before they decide to purchase any given brand, a company should ensure that its marketing strategies are designed in a manner which ensures that the awareness of the consumer for the product is created first before the consumer is convinced to have an interest in the brand and thus purchase it. This paper gives a critical analysis and discussion of the marketing activities of Red Bull GmbH, in the promotion of their Red Bull energy drink to its consumers. Consumer behavior models and theories such as the Reasoned Action Theory, The Hierarchy of Effects Model and the Multi Attribute Attitude Model are used to illustrate how the Red Bull marketing strategies create a positive attitude of consumers towards the brand. Red Bull Red bull is an energy drink which was created in 1987 by an Austrian entrepreneur. It has become the most popular energy drink in the world. The energy drink, which is sold by Red Bull GmbH, has become an essential commodity and is used every day in many households across the world as described by Marketing Week (2006, p. 33). The marketing activities of the energy drink have been internationalized with aggressive promotional activities which aim at generating a positive attitude from the consumers of the energy drink as a way of having a competitive advantage over rival brands. Through sponsoring various sporting activities across the world, the marketing activities of the brand have influenced the behavior of the consumers which has resulted into the immense success of the company with ever increasing sales of the brand. Moreover, the appeal of the brand to the consumers has been made possible by the company’s hosting of various events in addition to the use of celebrities to capture the attention of the consumers and thus arousing their desire for the brand. The public image on Red Bull has been promoted by associating the product with the activities it sponsors or hosts and thus causing the consumers to be influenced by the power of the brand that is illustrated by its marketing images. Additionally, the company has also influenced the psychology of the consumers through the energy drink’s slender and well designed cans which are preferred more than those of its business rivals. Moses (2011, p. 23) says that the desire of the consumer for Red Bull is created by its slogan â€Å"it gives you wings† which is used in the energy drink’s marketing activities to influence the behavior of its consumers with an aim of making them to reach a decision of purchasing the product. Consumer Attitude Models Mazis, Ahtola and Klippel (1995, p. 38) say that it is through a positive attitude for a product that the interest of a consumer for that brand is created. To promote the attitudes of the consumers for Red Bull, the company has shifted the promotional activities of the brand from product branding to lifestyle branding. The consumers thus view the product as part of their lifestyle and thus the enhanced attitude for the brand. Khermouch (1998, p. 16) explains that the

New york state court decision cases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

New york state court decision cases - Essay Example One of the officers relayed that he saw the defendant throw over the table on another inmate, and also that both officers saw the defendant fight with this inmate-victim. According to one of the officers, the defendant allegedly pulled out a metallic object from his left shirt sleeve and attacked the said inmate victim with punches and jabs to his body causing blood on the victim’s shirt. Finally, it was testified by one of the correction officers who followed the defendant walking over the shower area, that the defendant was seen placing an object down in one of the drains before he returned to the day room. After the prisoners involved were removed from their cells, a nine-inch shank with a point and a sharpened edge was said to have been retrieved from the drain. The inmate victim who was taken to the prison clinic for treatment was found to have puncture wounds, multiple stab wounds and lacerations. The defendant however, rebutted the said version by using the testimony made by the inmate victim stating that the defendant was a friend and was not among the assailants. The prosecution however cast doubt on the inmate-victim’s credibility through their cross-examination and found variance as to the inmate-victim’s reaction. The very first reaction of the said victim against the defendant was to accuse him, which when after the attack, suddenly signed a handwritten statement stating that he didn’t know what happened and didn’t know who did the said assault. Prosecutors then concluded that the victim may have been intimidated by the defendant. The jury then convicted the defendant with attempted assault in the first degree without however considering the other crimes charged. The defendant motioned to set aside the verdict but was unsuccessful and was thereafter sentenced to a term of 16 years life imprisonment. The defendant

Relationship Between Argetina and the International Monetary Fund Essay

Relationship Between Argetina and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Essay Example The higher a countrys foreign debt level, the greater are the chances of default. According to World Bank, the Latin American Countries (LAC) would need US $ 60 million annually during 1991-2000 period. This translates into higher borrowing, higher debts and debt servicing. Budget cuts were immediately felt at the international financial institutions like the Asian Development Bank (ADB), International Monetary Fund (IMF), which decreased access to officially supported credits. Global interest rates rose, which further increased foreign debts. Mexico, Brazil and Argentina could not sustain the economic growth and lurched from one financial crisis to another (Elstrodt, Lenero, and Urdapilleta). Debt has been the largest source of capital flows in the developing countries but despite that, economic development has not been successful. The causes and consequences of such debts have been the subject of debate over the years. This paper will examine the severity of Argentinas debt and the relationship between Argentina and the IMF. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, UK and France too had defaulted on the debt repayments but the problems in debt repayments in Latin American can be dated back to 1914 when Mexico suspended its payments (Dodd). Owing to a series of corrupt regimes, Argentina has experienced severe economic declines. In 1956, a group of wealthy nations met in Paris to find a solution to the looming debt problems of Argentina. In the 1970s, large amount of lending to Latin America was in the form of syndicate banks loans. Brady Bonds helped in the debt restructuring process and the Brady plan proposed exchanging the loans for bonds that would allow the debt to be traded in financial markets where it would be priced at market value. Macroeconomic management is essential if the country is to attain sustained growth. Argentina, besides pegging the peso to the US dollar at parity in

Strawson Has Shown Russells Theory Of Definite Descriptions Philosophy Essay

Strawson Has Shown Russells Theory Of Definite Descriptions Philosophy Essay Sir Peter Strawsons ironically titled paper of 1950 On Referring argues that expressions do not refer in themselves but rather people refer when using expressions.(Lycan, 2008:20) Influenced by Wittgensteins Use Theories, Strawson did not consider a sentence to hold a truth value in its abstraction but rather it is in virtue of the way in which Human Beings utter and react to the sentence that give it the attribute of truthfulness and as such he considered his theory to be more adaptable than Russells Theory of Definite Descriptions in regard to ordinary language use. (Austin, 1978:531) In this essay I will critically analyse Peter Strawsons argument in relation to Bertrand Russells theory with the intention of demonstrating that Strawsons position on ordinary language is unsubstantiated and that the consequences of his language model has deeper philosophical implications which marks his theory, not Russells, as untenable. I will initially outline Russells argument in the light of St rawsons critique of the Theory of Descriptions to determine the flaws it uncovers in Russells theory. I will then attempt to offer Strawsons alternative theory through his objections to the Theory of Descriptions, to prove that his attempt to justify his theory as less problematic to the use of ordinary language is misguided. I will then finally attempt to engage in Keith Donnellans solution to consider whether it proposes a more successful and balanced approach to Russells and Strawsons theoretical problems of meaning and reference. The most efficient model for demonstrating the dilemma concerning Russell and Strawson is through Russells famous example; The present king of France is bald (Russell, 1905:485) This sentence appears to be of a subject predicate form with the grammatical subject present king of France forming the denoting phrase that Russell profoundly analysed in his paper of 1905 On Denoting. Russell proposed that there are three types of denoting phrases, however for the context of this essay I will deal exclusively with those denoting phrases that denote a single definite person or object also known as definite description akin to present king of France above. According to Russell declarative sentences of the structure of (1)do not possess the object represented by the grammatical subject in the sentence but rather conceal the more complex existential expression in virtue of their logical structure; there is one and only one x that is y, with x representing the grammatical subject and y representing the predicate. It is when the expression is altered into logical form that Russell makes the distinction between the logical subject and the grammatical subject of the sente nce which he proposes as the solution to the puzzles of non-referring definite descriptions. (Morris, 2007:51) So if we convert (1) into formal logic; 2) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã†â€™x(F(x) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€š ¬y(F(y) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ x=y) G(x)) (Ludlow 2007) Russell proposes that in instances at least of denoting phrases being the grammatical subject of the sentence, the misunderstanding that leads to the puzzles occurs in virtue of the denoting phrase being an incomplete symbol on logical analysis. (Perkins, 1972:201)This is deceptive in that it is not obvious in ordinary language and as such it is in fact x that is the logical subject of the sentence. Consequently Russell contends that denoting phrases never have meaning in themselves, but that every proposition whose verbal expression they occur has meaning.'(Russell, 1905:480) In other words whilst the sentence (1) may appear to be of a subject -predicate form, it is in fact not in virtue of the logical proposition concealing the quantifier of the expression and subsequently Russell argues that the denoting phrase contributes meaning above its referent in that it is not actually a singular term but a quantificational structure. (Lycan, 2008:14) With this in mind, if we analyse the co mplex existential claim asserted by the definite article the in (1) a)(à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã†â€™x)Fx b)(â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¢x)( Fx à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Gx) (Fy à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ y= x)) c)(â‚ ¬Ã‚ ¢x)( Fx à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Gx) (Lycan, 2008:14) It is necessarily the case that each condition needs to be satisfied in order for the proposition to be true, however in this instance condition (a) is false in virtue of nothing in the world satisfying the condition of being the present king of France and consequently conditions (b) and (c) cannot be satisfied . As a result of uncovering this logical structure it is evident that the grammatical subject in these classes of sentences are not singular terms in so much as the king does not feature in the logical form of (1) and as such denoting phrases cannot hold meaning independent of the proposition . Russell argues that this demonstrates how it is possible for sentences that express a non-referring denoting phrase to be meaningful and hold a truth value despite not referring. (Russell, 1905:484) Conversely Strawson contended that the statement was not false but rather devoid of truth value in that it misfired in its attempt to refer, and further argues that this mistake occurs in virtue of Russells disregard to the distinction between uniquely referring expressions, that which mentions or refers to some individual person or single object, (Strawson, 1950: 324) and a sentence beginning with such an expression. He formulates the distinction between the expression itself, a use and utterance and similarly a sentence, its use and utterance. (Strawson, 1950: 325) If we reconsider example (1), and suppose that it is uttered once during the reign of Louis XIV and once during the reign of Louis XV, in this instance the same sentence has been uttered on two difference occasions of use (Strawson, 1950:327) and it would be logical to admit that it was uttered about different men and as such the statement asserted could either be true or false on either occasion. That is the man who utt ered it during the reign of Louis XIV may have been true in virtue of the King being bald whilst the other man may have been incorrect in asserting such a statement. Subsequently it is clear that the same sentence can be used differently on two different occasions of the utterance. Furthermore, if the same sentence (1) had been uttered concurrently during the reign of Louis XIV, then it could be said that the same sentence had been used to express the same statement to the extent that as a result of successful reference to a present king of France the statement must necessarily hold a truth value, however the utterances of sentence (1) would have been different. (Strawson, 1950: 328) Therefore it must be the case, on the evidence presented, that it is possible to use the same sentences to make different statements with altering truth values, and it is in virtue of not recognising the distinction between sentences and expressions and their uses that Russell does not appreciate that i t is only through the token use (Cohen,2008:1) of a sentence that one can make a statement and similarly through the use of an expression or sentence that one can refer to a particular person through context laid out by the statement made and as such an (Lemmon,1966:90) Expressions cannot be used to mention, or to refer to, anything, any more than a sentence can be said to be true or false. The same expression can have different mentioning uses, as the same sentence can be used to make statements with different truth values.mentioning is not something an expression does, it is something that someone can use an expression to do. (Strawson 1950: 327) Accordingly, Strawson concludes that just as the use of a sentence generates the truth value of a statement, referring or mentioning is the function of the use of an expression or sentence in that it is the speaker who uses the expression or sentence that refers and therefore it is illogical to speak of the same things about sentences their uses and utterances and about unique referring expressions their uses and utterances for they belong to different categories. (Lemmon, 1966:91) So if we again reconsider; The present king of France is bald (Russell, 1905:485) From the distinctions demonstrated in On Referring Strawson challenges Russells assertion that this statement is false. He argues that as a result of Russell confusing expressions with their use in a particular context (Strawson, 1950: 326) it appears that the sentences appear meaningful and false. However as for mentioned, Strawson considers that whilst the sentence itself holds meaning it is the token use of the sentence on a particular occasion that alters the sentence into a statement which holds truth value.(Cohen, 2008:3) Consequently Strawson argues that in virtue of (1) being a sentence in itself that it is in fact meaningful in so much as it provides general direction for use, however since any present token use of it does not refer then it is not false but rather lacks truth value in so much as it misfires in its attempt to refer to the (nonexistent) present King of France. (Strawson, 1950: 327) Unlike other false statements such as, the present Prime Minster of England is female, which is defective as a consequence of the speaker incorrectly referring to Gordon Brown as female, (1) is defective since the speaker has failed in his attempt to identify a referring subject and as such it should be disregarded as spurious use (Strawson, 1950:327) rather than considered false. (Lycan, 2008: 20) Strawson further develops his objection by demonstrating that it is the grammatical subject of the sentence that refers to the referent whilst it is the predicate that attributes a characteristic to the referent. However when reference fails it is inconceivable to attribute something to which we cannot refer and as such no attribution take place and therefore the statement cannot hold a truth value. (Cohen, 2008:3) Unlike sentences akin the present Prime Minister of England is female (1) does not attribute anything to the king of France since he does not exist. Consequently Strawson takes up a position which is strikingly similar to Frege who distinguishes between the referent and the sense of a sentence and as such it is possible for a sentence to express more than one sense, or furthermore a sense can be expressed by different sentences. As a result sentences akin to (1) which have a sense but no referent are meaningful in so much as you can understand them, however they lack the q uality of truthfulness. (Lemmon, 1966:94) Strawson perceives Russell as ignoring this distinction and as a consequence he misapprehends the identifying role of the grammatical subject between entailment and presupposition in that anyone who use the sentences (1) to make a statement implies that there is a present king of France. (Strawson, 1950:332) The notion of implies is equivalent to presuppose but it is in no way comparable to the formal logical notion of entails that Russell uses to state the existential conditions asserted by the definite article the that necessarily needs to be fulfilled in order for the statement to be true. On the contrary it is to imply in the special sense that the existential conditions are satisfied.(Cohen, 2008:3) If we use example (1) Russell would argue that The present king of France is bald is true if and only if There is a present king of France is true and vice versa, however Strawson contends that it is the case that The present King of France is bald only holds a truth value if and only if there exists a present king of France, if this condition is not met then the statement holds no truth value. So once more I draw the conclusion that referring to or mentioning a particular thing cannot be dissolved into any kind of assertion. To refer is not to assert, though you refer in order to go on to assert. (Strawson, 1950:335) It is in this that Caton (1959) realised that Strawson did not recognise the distinction between failing to refer to or to mention something and referring to or mention something (Caton, 1959: 540) in ordinary language usage and as such it is apparent that Strawson has not actually accounted for the way in which we use refer in ordinary language. In other words, when using language we use it the same regardless of whether we are referring to something which exists or does not exist. (Caton, 1959:540) Consequently, it is only possible to use a sentence or expression thinking it refers even though it does not, and surely even if one did use a non referring expression without intention surely it would appear as if one has referred? Consequently it appears as if it is not that the speaker fails to refer but rather he uses a sentence or expression with the intention of referring to something he believes to exist but actually does not. (Caton, 1954:542) The implication of this position is that when a speaker utters a statement which intends to refer to an existing thing but fails, the speaker will be corrected by someone as there is no existing king of France. It is just not substantive of our approach to ordinary use of language to suggest that a speaker could use a referring expression successfully or conversely unsuccessfully and furthermore is it not the case that when we utter a sentence, unless we are consciously aware that it is factious, that we would believe that what we are referring to is successful given the linguistic and social conventions that govern our language and thought? Strawson argues that this failure of reference could occur, however given the account above how often would a speaker refer to something believing it exists when it does not, surely even if this was the case, given our social pedigree for awareness, it would be so rare that surely it would be absurd to accept it as a foundation to a critique?(Caton, 1954:543) Furthermore if Straws on argues that his proposal is less problematic to ordinary language then surely the counterexamples used need be to be more inclined to towards our natural intentions of speech, and as such it seems that a Gricean distinction between intended and expressed propositions could almost accommodate for Russells Theory of Descriptions in this instance in that the meaning of the sentences that appear object-dependant studied by Russell are incomplete without the context of use that Grice studied through speaker-meaning. (Ramachandran, 1993:1) If we consider the example; (3)The book case is filled with DVDs Strawson uses awkward example such as (3), which expresses that there is one and only one bookcase and it is filled with DVDs when applied to Russells analysis, to devalue Russells theories but Neale (1990) developed ideas from Grice and argued that if (3) is applied to the notion of restricted quantification the absurd illusion disappears. That is the domain over which we take the quantifier is adequately altered and consequently the quantifier silently recognises the context of the speech act. Whilst this is by no means a solution it is evident that when a sentence such as (3) is used a contemporary, Russellian could argue that it is in its use that the statement is completed and furthermore this is through the restriction of quantification.(Lycan, 2008:22)I admit that there is still an ambiguity and awkwardness about the non-existent reference however it has become apparent that in ordinary language it would highly unlikely that a speaker would use (1) with the intention of referr ing but could it be as a condition of the non-intention of the speaker that the uncomfortable nature of truth arises? (Ramachandran, 1993:4) Keith Donnellan (1966) attempts to offer a pragmatic approach to the problem by suggesting that both Strawson and Russell are incorrect in their analysis of definite descriptions by claiming that they both commit to the error that when nothing satisfies the condition of being the referent that the truth value of the sentence or use or the sentence is affected. (King, 1984:14)Donnellan argues that this is not the case but rather a speaker could use a non-referring expression to express a true sentence despite the grammatical subject being a non-referring expression and this misunderstanding occurs in virtue of neither Strawson nor Russell appreciating both the referential and the attributive use of a definite description as a consequence of not analysing the interpretation of a sentence on specific occasions of use in the specific context.(Lycan, 2008:24) If we consider the example; (4) The person who bought that Ferrari is rich Donnellan argues that that statement could be uttered twofold; It could refer to the fact that the Ferrari was  £300,000 and as such it must be the case that the person who purchased the vehicle was wealthy, this is known as the attributive use of the description. It could also refer to Henry the man who purchased the vehicle after haggling the price down to  £250 000, this is known as the referential use of the description. Russells theory is an application of the attributive use of definite description in speech acts, whilst Strawsons argument against Russell is on the basis of him not recognising the referential role of definite descriptions, however Strawson neglects the attributive use and as such his theory is similarly problematic. (Cohen, 2008:2) Furthermore, the distinction between the referential use and the attributive use runs deeper, in that the truth values are different given there being nothing that satisfies the condition of being the referent in a use of a sentence as a direct consequence of the presuppositions in each case being different. In the case of the attributive use the assertion misfires as a result of their being nothing to satisfy the condition of the referent however in the referential sense it may still have a truth value given that the object that is being referred to may satisfy the description given and if it does not then the given speech act is misleading. As a result Donnellan demonstrates that out of context it is ludicrous to try and determine what a definite description is, because it is context dependant in that within a particular speech act it could be used for either referential or attributive use and as a consequence both Strawson and Russells arguments are deficient in some capacity. (Cohen, 2008:3) However, given that the question at hand is whether Strawsons critique has deeper philosophical implications for Russells theory, and that we have accepted that both theories are not sufficient if we accept Donnellans theory then could it be the case that given that Strawsons theory is not practical for ordinary language, is it worth accepting in light of the detrimental effect it has on the analysis of language given the arise of truth gaps? Subsequently by accepting Strawsons thesis on the non truth value of non-referring expression then we permit for these truth value gaps, whereby certain sentences cannot be subject to logical analysis because they lack a truth value. (Quine, 1953: 439) By analysing sentences under the scrutiny of formal logic there is the possibility of refraining from ambiguity because all sentences are ascribed a truth value through the proposition expressed by their existential logic properties. (Lemmon, 1966: 105) According to E.J Lemmon (1966) this is only sufficient if logic is not liable to imitate ordinary language to the effect that it manifests itself in the same manner. As Russell seemed to acknowledge this is not the case and in fact the role of logic is to control language under conditions where ordinary language cannot be regulated and therefore surely it is a given that it does not necessarily accurately represent ordinary language in every respect? Besides is it harmful to accept a situation whereby the logician is aware of the problem of non-referring descriptions, would it not be adequate to merely realise this and maintain the logical structure which has been demonstrated as efficient and practical? As far as the difficulty demonstrated by Strawson in this instance it only holds if and only if Russells intention was for the logical proposition to mimic ordinary language. (Lemmon, 1966:107) In conclusion I would argue that whilst neither Strawson nor Russells argument provides a wholly adequate account of definite descriptions, if we evaluate the purpose of each theory they are of differing successes. Russell provides a scientific approach to analysing definite descriptions which generally provides a sufficient measure for reference whilst still encompassing difficulties. Strawson on the other hand attempts to offer an improved theory in regard to ordinary language use however, the counterexamples he provides are not intuitive uses of language. Furthermore the implication is that it is unlikely that such occurrences would occur intentionally and as a consequence the position Strawson takes up is not philosophically practical given the arise of truth gaps when accepting his theory. Word count (3032 exclusive of reference and quotations)

The Colossal Decision to Deploy an Atomic Weapon: An Individuals Impact on Society :: Essays Papers

The Colossal Decision to Deploy an Atomic Weapon: An Individual's Impact on Society Never before in recorded history has there been an event that has take so many lives in one instant. On the day of August 6, 1945 the first atomic device ever detonated was deployed on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. It is recorded that sixty percent of Hiroshima was destroyed in this offensive maneuver. Seventy-eight thousand human beings lost their lives at 8:15 a.m.1 The man directly responsible for this attack was the President of the United States, Harry S. Truman. While it is true that individuals are for the most part guinea pigs to society, there arises one striking exception to this rule: the leaders of our modern age. The impact this certain individual had on society is inconceivable, and to fully understand Truman's decision to drop an atom bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, we must understand the momentous forces driving him to this means to an end. There were many different circumstances pushing Truman to his decision to use this secret weapon against the Japanese. There were moral issues, military issues, and of course Truman and his closely-knit circle of advisors had to examine the impact of this use of atomic energy on the future of our planet. In the end, however, the opposing forces proved slight enough for Truman to overrule. The first barrier to using a weapon of such destructive capabilities is personal morality. It would be very reasonable to think that it would be an impossibility for one person to authorize the destruction of so many others. This issue turned out to be one of small importance for Truman for many reasons. First, the American public had a moral advantage in that the Japanese bombed us first at Pearl Harbor. Also, as Truman himself stated, "†¦ was either that or the atomic bomb, and I didn't hesitate a minute, and I've never lost any sleep over it since."2 This indicates his main reason for not having any moral qualms with this bombing, the consequences if he didn't drop the bomb. The most important of these was the expected American casualties if we chose invasion over the bomb. However, if Truman new the greusome effects the deployment of this weapon would have upon the citizens of Hiroshima and Nagisaki, perhaps he would have hesitated. To see what the effects of the a-bomb on the people and buildings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki click here.