Economic Crisis and a Shift to the Right Essay

In 1867, after battling invaders for nearly a millennium, Hungary became an autonomous state within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This expansive empire had its northern border in present day Poland, its southern border in present day Serbia, and was bordered on the east and west by the Black and Mediterranean Seas, respectively. The empire was eventually defeated in World War I and through the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 the monarchy was disbanded, and after a period of turmoil, an independent kingdom was established under the authoritarian rule of Admiral Miklos Horthy. Due to the terms of the treaty and the redrawing of many European borders, Hungary’s size was reduced by two-thirds, leaving more than 5 million native Hungarians outside of the country’s borders. These effects remain a sensitive issue for many today and still complicate relations between Hungary and its neighbors. In the events that led to World War II, Hungary joined forces with Nazi Germany by joining the Anti-Comintern Pact and withdrawing from the League of Nations. These measures were taken in an effort to regain its lost territory from the World War I aftermath. At the start of World War II, Hungary remained neutral, however with pressure from Germany, Hungary entered the war in 1941 by invading both Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. After several early battle losses, Hungary began secretly negotiating with the Allies. Hearing of these negotiations, Germany invaded Hungary and installed a puppet government. This new government began eliminating the Hungarian Jewish and Roma populations until Soviet forces in Budapest drove it out in 1945. In the wake of these events, the capital and much of the country was left in ruins. The Soviet Era (1945-1989) After World War II, Communists held power in Hungary with the support of the Soviet Union. A new land reform bill was passed that redistributed land from large estate owners to peasants. Additionally, during this time, industries became nationalized and collective agriculture was instituted. Hungary joined the Warsaw Pact aligning itself with the Soviet Union. The Hungarian population, however, was dissatisfied with this government, and in an effort to appease the people, the government instituted reforms such as withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact and becoming a neutral power. These concessions on the part of the government allowed the Hungarians to realize their power and they demanded further reform and removal of Soviet domination. As a result, Hungarians revolted against the Soviet domination of Hungary. Although the Soviet Army defeated the Hungarians, killing more than 2,500 citizens and forcing more than 200,000 to flee, a new government was instituted. This government, led by Janos Kadar, was still Soviet-friendly, but recognized the need for reform and began to become gradually more liberalized through the 1960’s. The Path to the European Union (1989-2006) In 1989, Hungary was the first country to breach the â€Å"Iron Curtain†. Soon thereafter, Hungary transitioned from Communism to a multiparty parliamentary democracy that welcomed foreign investment. Initially, the result was a dramatic decline in economic activity and living standards. However, within four years of the collapse of communism, nearly half of the country’s economic enterprises had been transferred to the private sector, and by 1998 Hungary was attracting nearly half of all foreign direct investment in Central Europe. In 1994, as a backlash to its rapid liberalization, Hungarians voted the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) into power. The MSZP was a center-left party and the unofficial successor of the Communists. This government supported and funded social programs while also continuing with economic reform by selling off government owned enterprises and implementing targeted austerity measures. Soon, the country’s newfound growth and stability allowed it to receive an invitation to join NATO. Despite its solid economic performance, the MSZP was affected by allegations of corruption, which led to its defeat in 1998 by a Fidesz led coalition who selected Viktor Orban as prime minister. Orban’s government created centralized control and refused to meet with opposite party leaders for months. They then adopted the â€Å"Status Law†, an effort to reach out to the displaced Hungarian natives. The â€Å"Status Law† offered native Hungarians living in neighboring countries benefits such as health, education, and employment rights in Hungary. Despite Western criticism of his policies, Fidesz did choose to continue the MSZP’s policy of satisfying the Copenhagen criteria to enter the European Union. In 2002, an MSZP coalition regained government control after Fidesz’s administration became the subject of scandals. The new Prime Minister, Ferenc Gyurscany, was able to complete the process and formally join the EU along with nine other states in 2004. After joining, Hungary began to pursue the more difficult challenge of joining the Eurozone by completing the Maastricht criteria. The Hungarian government predicted that this task could be completed by the end of the decade. Hungary’s Entrance to the Eurozone ; Failed Attempts to Join Eurozone In the late eighties, Hungary made progressive steps to position themselves for entry into the European Union. Hungary was the first country to breach the forty-year â€Å"Iron Curtain† surrounding the Eastern European countries. The â€Å"Iron Curtain† was the political, military, ideological barrier created by the Soviet Union after World War II to separate eastern and central Communist European allies from the Western noncommunist countries. In 1989, Hungary peacefully replaced their communist political party with a multi-party parliamentary democracy. As reported by the New York Times, a sweeping majority of Hungarian Communist Party voted for the radical transformation of legislation. The main motivation for the shift was due to a stagnant economy and oppressed religion under communist rule. A need for reform and free open trade with Western countries aided the Hungarian Communist Party in their decision. Before making the final vote, Hungary already began permitting the assembly and association of the non-communist parties. In 1991 Hungary completely withdrew from the Warsaw Pact, appointing the country’s first Parliament President elect. The political restructuring was aided by a shift to a free market-based economy. Liberal economic policies and ideals such as foreign investment, asset management, entrepreneurship and integrating Hungary into the world economy were adopted by the new rule. A shift from an authoritarian economic science to a democratic capitalist system was projected to be a fairly smooth process. However, despite high hopes of a prosperous economy there was a dramatic decline of economic activity and living standards. High interest and inflation rates, unemployment amounting to 12%, and the conspicuous consumption of the new elite of entrepreneurs elicited widespread dissatisfaction among Hungarians. Some economists argue that the idea of capitalism in combination with the new practice of democracy will fail if introduced simultaneously. This is what occurred in 1991 as the ambitious measures of the new parliamentary party began to fail. Life became very difficult for many Hungarians as they struggled during the severe recession exacerbated by the fiscal austerity necessary to reduce inflation and stimulate investment. After rising backlash caused by the poor state of the economy, Hungarians voted into power the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) overthrowing the conservative Hungarian Democratic Forum. The MSZP was the center-left unofficial successor of the communist party. Since the MSZP was founded on traditional communist ideals, the MSZP gained majority support based on the belief that â€Å"things were better in the old days† when there were more jobs and economic security. The MSZP supported popular social programs while still progressively pursuing reform, selling state owned enterprises and implementing targeted austerity measures. For about 4 years, the reign of the MSZP was successful as there was a surge of stability and growth. Hungary also received an invitation to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization during this time. Despite the success of the MSZP’s role in Hungary’s four-year economic stimulation, corruption plagued the party. In 1998, the MSZP lost control as the Fidesz-led coalition gained majority vote. In 1998 negotiations for Hungary’s entrance into the EU also began. Viktor Orban, the prime minister, was criticized after the implementation of controversial laws such as the â€Å"Status Law†. This law granted health, education and employment rights to native Hungarians residing in other countries. This law violated principles of the European Union. This was a horrible direction to take if Hungary had motives of joining the EU. Corruption scandals and bribery surrounding Orban’s government proved to be detrimental just as they had been for the MSZP in 1998. There was a flip flop in parties as the MSZP regained control in 2002. Picking up where Fidesz and the party left off in 1998, Prime Minister Gyurcsany implemented the final required reforms and joined the 15 country EU in 2004 along with Cyrus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. After this success, Hungary began pursuing the strict requirements for membership into the euro zone, also known as the Maastricht criteria. The criteria outlined the terms regarding inflation, public debt and the public deficit, exchange rate stability and the convergence of interest rates. The MSZP had high hopes that the terms of these criteria would be reached by the end of the decade. As exhibited by similar events in Hungary’s past, the ambitious attempts didn’t quite live up to expectations. The MSZP maintained control in the election of 2006. Before this election there was a ballooning budget deficit of over 9% of GDP. This issue was overlooked, while the party promised more spending and lower taxes. In 2006, as more controversy unraveled, Prime Minister Gyurcsany admitted that his party had lied about the economic condition of the country for two years. While protests plagued the country, Gyurcsany introduced austerity measures, which included tax increases and spending cuts to trim the budget deficit to 3. 2% of GDP. According to the Maastricht Treaty, the government deficit could not exceed 3% of annual GDP. Citizens revolted and the electorate denounced the new fees, causing a major defeat for Gyurcsany’s austerity measures. A global credit crisis overshadowed Hungary’s economy in 2008 and 2009 and the efforts to meet the Maastricht criteria for the Eurozone failed. Fixed vs. Floating: What Should Hungary Have Done with the Forint Hungary lost all hopes of reaching the Eurozone as the 2008-2009 financial crisis descended upon economies. Due to falling consumer spending, Hungary suffered a trade collapse and there was a loss of confidence in forint-denominated assets among investors. In February 2008, Hungary chose to float the forint after facing substantial pressure for devaluation. By midyear, the forint began a steep depreciation, which had the effect of making Hungarian exports more attractive. This had the potential to raise Hungary’s GDP, as an increase in net exports, all other things remaining equal, will raise GDP according to the equation in Chapter 5 of the textbook Y=C+I+G+NX, where NX=NX (? ). This was not the case, however, as from 2008 to 2009, Hungary saw a 6. 7% decrease in GDP. Other aspects of the economy were at work simultaneously which led to the decrease in GDP. The depreciation of the forint also meant that Hungarian households with foreign denominated currencies saw their payments increase dramatically in terms of the domestic currency. As many Hungarians had taken on loans in foreign currencies, specifically the Swiss franc, due to low interest rates, this proved a problem for several households. These loans were of little risk when the forint was pegged to the euro, however with the currency’s recent decline, many of these loans faced default. In October 2008, Hungary’s central bank raised interest rates to 11. 5%, a 3% increase. This was an effort to equilibrate saving and investment. According to the text, increases in the interest rate serve to increase the supply of loanable funds and decrease their demand. Because Chapter 5 states that an increase in investment demand leads to a trade deficit, we can see that the Hungarian government is trying to increase its net exports to combat the financial crisis. The switch to floating the forint was intended to free Hungary to pursue economic policy independent of the Eurozone, however fears of a Hungarian default on sovereign debt forced their government to request international financial assistance. Hungary received $25. 1 billion from the IMF, World Bank, and EU, making it the first nation to receive a bailout led by the IMF. This bailout came with promises to implement austerity measures to reduce public sector pay, increase some taxes, and decrease spending on social programs. By the first quarter of 2009, Hungary saw a decrease in GDP, an increase in unemployment, and the forint became Europe’s worst performing currency. During the financial crisis, four of the eight EU countries located in Central and Eastern Europe chose to float their currencies, and only Hungary was seeing such financial and political complications. The other countries that did not float their currencies took a different strategy and defended their pre-crisis exchange rates with the Euro during the global recession. In order to remain competitive, they slashed their deficits and curbed inflation. These countries, however, were some of the worst performing in 2009. In the decision as to whether or not Hungary should have chosen to float their currency or remain pegged to the euro, it is important to compare the features of each option. A country may choose to follow hard exchange rate pegs, soft exchange rate pegs, or floating currency. Hard exchange rate pegs usually lead to sound fiscal and structural policies and low inflation. They tend to be longstanding, allowing for certainty when pricing transactions. Downsides include that the central bank has no independent monetary policy because it cannot adjust exchange rates and interest rates are tied to those of the anchor country. Another option is soft exchange rate pegs. With soft pegs, countries maintain a stable value against an anchor currency/currencies, which can be pegged within a narrow ( ±1%) or wide ( ± 30%) range. Soft pegs remain a nominal anchor to settle inflation expectations and they allow for limited monetary policy to deal with shocks. Soft pegs are vulnerable, however, to financial crises, which can lead to large devaluations and even abandonment of the peg. The third option is floating exchange rate. This rate is mainly determined by the market and central banks intervene mostly through purchases or sales of foreign currencies in exchange for local currency in order to limit short-term rate fluctuations. Depending upon the country, the central bank may be particularly involved, or not involved at all. An advantage of floating regimes is that countries have the advantage of maintaining an independent monetary policy. Measures however must be taken to ensure success. First, the foreign exchange and financial markets must be able to absorb shocks without large exchange rate changes. Also, instruments must be available to hedge risks posed by the floating exchange rate. Hungary should not have remained pegged to the Euro during the 2008-2009 financial crisis. Had Hungary remained pegged, it would have likely faced worse fates than it saw during this time period. Since the other countries who remained pegged found themselves among the worst performing nations in the region, Hungary would have likely found itself in a similar situation to Latvia who even found their IMF bailout insufficient. Since none of these nations fared well, it would have been an unwise decision for the forint to remain pegged to the Euro. In contrast, the others that decided to float their currencies during this time had mixed effects. Poland actually saw a 1. 7% increase in GDP from 2008-2009, while Romania’s GDP dropped 7.1% during the same time period. Since there was some success achieved by floating currencies during this crisis, it could be concluded that there was a difference in monetary policy that could account for the success or failure of these economies. Hungary’s decision to float the forint was a wise one, however the execution of the policies surrounding this decision should have been modified. The advantage of full control of monetary poli cy was an advantage to floating currency, although it could also be a disadvantage if the policies do not promote thecurrency’s success. Hungary should have implemented some austerity measures and set up policies to try to cushion some of the inevitable blow that would be brought on by the financial crisis and the new currency in the market. If those things had been done, Hungary may have seen less of a decline during this period and may have even prospered as Poland did. Exchange Rate of Hungarian Forint vs. USD, Euro and Swiss Franc Based off of the graphs you will be able to see what the forint was worth compared to the dollar, euro and Swiss franc. Looking at the first graph, forint and dollar comparison, the forint currency was worth around 200 to 240 dollars. The biggest difference in the currency was between 2008 and 2009, which is when they decided to float the forint. Looking at the second graph, forint and euro comparison, the forint currency was worth around 260 euros until they floated. After 2009 the value of the forint decreased making their value around 300 euros. Looking at third graph, forint and Swiss francs comparison, the forint currency was worth around 180 Swiss francs until they floated. Then in 2009 the forint value decreased making their value compared to Swiss francs around 200 to 240. Hungary decided to peg the euro and Swiss francs for different reasons. They decided to peg the euro because they ultimately wanted to adopt the euro and show some relative stability in their currency. They had a target date but it was abandoned due to their debt, high budget deficit and inflation. Hungary pegged the Swiss francs because nearly 80 percent Hungarians had foreign currency loans and 55 percent of mortgages in Swiss francs. These loans had low interest and presented little risk to borrowers. The unopposed legislation of Fidesz and Orban and its economic impact The Fidesz and Orban parliamentary election in 2010 caused some controversy with other countries but continued to unite the Hungarian nation. One of the first actions that occurred was passing a bill for dual citizenship for Hungarians living abroad to offset the negative effects of Trianon Treaty. Neighboring countries, such as Slovakia, Romania and Slovenia were frustrated with this bill, but Hungarians were very supportive because many thought the treaty was unfair. Another feud was with the IMF. Orban promised to fulfill their campaign promise and stand his ground on the loan repayment. He felt that Hungary didn’t need to repay these loans because these decisions were due to the previous MSZP-led government. International investors reacted negatively to his actions, but domestic reactions were more positive. Fidesz sought out meeting EU deficit goals through raising new taxes on the banking, telecom, energy, retains, and pharmaceutical sectors. Hungarian populations supported Fidesz while multinationals continued to lose profit. In late 2010, the government made another change to support its fiscal situation by bringing private pension assets under state control. This upset private pension fund industries and The National Confederation of Hungarian Trade Unions but increased the trust in the government from Hungarian population. They believed that the assets from pensions would help balance the budget. Lastly, the Hungarian government decided to take over the country’s rate setting Monetary Policy Council by amending a law that gave parliament the right to nominate all four external members. Despite the changes that Fidesz and Orban made, Hungary was still strong in investments. Some advantages were in fact foreign direct investments, which totaled more than $2. 5 billion. They also have been able to the meet the demands of EU since becoming a member in 2004, showing their political stability. The location of Hungary has attracted many firms by being able to connect Western Europe to other Eastern European countries. Hungary also continued to interest major multinational companies by having strong human capital. Outsiders, other foreign countries, and credit rating agencies may not have agreed with the decisions of the parliament, but it had no effect on their growth as a nation. Hungary continued their reform and growth. Is it wise to invest in Hungary? There are factors that the case touches on which suggest that Hungary is not the safest investment; however, from looking at Hungary in its totality it is undeniable that Hungary should be a European market to invest in. Location Examining Hungary’s location and its relative proximity to its neighboring European countries, helps justify why investors would want to consider investing in the country. Hungary is situated in the heart of Europe bordering seven countries with one of Europe’s largest waterways, the Danube, running through Budapest. This favorable location coupled with the major land routes and waterways that span across Hungary make the country an optimal place for manufacturing, trade, services, and logistics. This prime location, accessible within a few hours of all European countries, makes Hungary an ideal launch point for investors who plan to develop their growing businesses while capitalizing on key European markets. The central European country is known for their excellent infrastructure, their prime business parks and industrial sites. Considered a landlocked port city, Hungary is key in connecting Western and Eastern Europe. Stability and the EU As a long-standing member of the European Union, one of the major factors that also lends to the possibility of Hungary being a safe investment, is Hungary’s relative political stability. It is considered the most developed of the Eastern European countries and its highly developed infrastructure along with its stable government makes Hungary even more appealing. Hungary offers access to a market of over 250 million people within its borders as well as a European Union common market exceeding a half of a billion people. Di Tella, Weinzierl and Kuipers aptly highlight Hungary’s stability, by pointing out that since emerging from communism in 1989, Hungary had held no interim elections and the federal government was never forced to dissolve – two things most other countries in Central and Eastern Europe could not claim. The authors then continue in saying that, in addition, regardless of the political party in power, Hungary had honored the demands of the EU since becoming a member, including regulations on transparency , auditing, and budgets. Human Capital, Labor Costs and Economic Policy Other factors that help make Hungary an attractive investment are its labor costs, an investment friendly economic policy and its strong human capital. Hungary has a highly educated workforce where more than 85% of persons between the ages of 25-34 have completed secondary school; with 70% of those individuals are enrolled in some form of higher education. More impressive still are the wages that these highly educated individuals work for. The authors make mention of these low labor costs by saying: moreover, Hungary’s labor force worked for a fraction of their counterparts in the EU – in 2007, real wages in Hungary were 40 percent of the EU average. Essentially those companies willing to invest in Hungary’s human capital would be receiving a talented workforce, capable of achieving first-rate outcomes, at a discount rate. Frido Diepeveen, an operation manager at Randstad was quoted saying, â€Å"While the characteristics of a Hungarian workforce make Budapest an ideal choice of location for multinational companies, Hungarians also find the dynamic and multicultural atmosphere of corporate giants appealing, creating the right recipe for a mutually satisfying and long-lasting match between employer and employee. Young Hungarians are educated at a high level, satisfying your need for well qualified fresh graduates. † In addition to the affordable labor costs, Hungary’s economic policy welcomes foreign investment; and prior to its full absorption into the EU Hungary experienced some of the most aggressive foreign investment of any Eastern European country. Contrarily, it is true that there are some drawbacks to investing in Hungary, and one should be mindful of them before investing. The most obvious of these risks or drawbacks is the increasing rate of inflation. Hungary’s high inflation rate (of almost 8%) was the chief reason behind the country not being allowed in the Euro currency group – which had standards in place ensuring that inflation must be lower than 3% for a country to join. Hungary’s high rate of inflation coupled with their lingering government debt has prevented them from adopting the Euro as their chief currency and has left them with the much weaker forint. This has in turn led to higher taxes on businesses in an effort to counterbalance the large deficits and high rate of inflation. With companies being taxed at a much higher rate, companies are subsequently forced to either accept a lower profit margin or cut costs. Even after considering this major drawback to investing in Hungary, it is hard to overlook those key factors, which make Hungary a very appealing country to invest in. Bibliography

Importance of education in children’s life Essay

Providing free and quality education to children reflects the fact that every child is entitled to fundamental human rights and is to be treated with dignity. Where children are exposed to poverty, violence, abuse, or exploitation, those rights demand our urgent protection. Primary education supports children at a critical time in their physical, emotional, social and intellectual growth. More broadly, education is a key tool for development, and an invaluable means of addressing structural inequality and disadvantage. Primary education provides children with life skills that will enable them to prosper later in life. It equips children with the skills to maintain a healthy and productive existence, to grow into resourceful and socially active adults, and to make cultural and political contributions to their communities. Education also transmits more abstract qualities such as critical thinking skills, healthy living, resilience, and self-confidence. An educated adult population is vital for strong economic development. It also lays the foundations for greater overall economic productivity, and the full use of new technologies for development. A system of compulsory schooling helps fight child labour. Educated and literate adults are more likely to be informed about sexual risks and better able to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. A lack of gender parity and equality in education is often a critical factor in underdevelopment. The education of women is a powerful means of sustaining improved health and education in the long term. Figures suggest that children of educated mothers are significantly more likely to be enrolled in school. The education of women also reduces fertility rates and improves the health of women, infants and children. In addition, the education of women may also address entrenched cultural views about traditional female roles as they are empowered and equipped with skills which enable them to make a full contribution to their communities. You can make a difference by entering a partnership, donating or volunteering.

Evaluating, Narrating, and Describing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Managed care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managed care - Essay Example However, during World War II, the market for healthcare coverage started to gain its momentum. With the motive to attract and retain the good workers, the employers started integrating additional benefits for the employees that eventually enhanced quality of their services. This even led towards integrating new concepts of healthcare into the organizations and certainly enhanced the quality life of the employees. Furthermore, the employees even being newly accustomed to the healthcare services accepted the new method of compensation heartily. This phenomenon further developed the ability of the employers to trade in the labor market efficiently, making the concept to be well accepted (Schield, Murphy, & Bolnick, 2000). Correspondingly, with the increasing demand for the healthcare services and their acceptance amongst the employees, the labor unions started demanding for introducing such services as a compulsion for the employers. The loopholes persisted into managed care services were noted to be gaining importance amongst a few of the insurers or employers. Furthermore, these were more evident during the decade bewteen1950 and 1960 when the economy started expanding. The insurers paid off the hospital and the physician charges to the employees under the healthcare service compensation. Observably, the healthcare services cost were paid by the employers for their employees following a procedure of reimbursement. However, the service providers went for incurring extra costs and thus were not controlled by the financial rules and regulations of the market. The boom of economy in 1950 and 1960 were represented by the slack economic seasons of 1970. This change in the economic settings of the society compelled the employers to obtain a detailed view about their overall expenses. Specifically, the compensations and their benefits were crosschecked that evidenced

The Effects of Coffee and British Imperialism on the Global Economy Research Paper

The Effects of Coffee and British Imperialism on the Global Economy from 1870 to 1910 - Research Paper Example Towards the mid 19th century, the global economy was substantially influenced by the rapid increase in the consumption of coffee in Europe and the United States and this lead to more developments in the production and trade of coffee. Production growth was not only witnessed across the vast British empire but was also evident in the Latin Americas particularly in Brazil. With the expansion of the British colonies in Africa, Asia as well as in the Pacific and Indian oceans, the British Empire came to dominate the international trade particularly the production and consumption of coffee which was key elements of the 19th century global economy. On the other hand, the ex British colonies such as in the Americas also asserted significant influence on the global economy with regard to the production of raw materials and export industry. The rise of coffee as one of the major commodities of international trade in the 19th century can be traced to the British colonial production of coffee in the Americas, Asia and Africa as well as in the Indian Ocean. The unprecedented production of coffee which was witnessed in these colonies as well the increased demand for coffee in the European countries resulted in the domination of the international market by coffee merchants and traders. The global economy of the time had not however reached the stage of market capi talism. The market size was comparatively smaller and coffee was primarily used as a luxury drink. The small size of the coffee market from 1870 to 1910 was generally attributed to the fact to the inefficient colonial production methods such as the use of coercion as opposed to the application of new technology. By the end of 1910, the British coffee colonialism had significantly declined most probably because many of the colonies gained independence. Coffee continued to play a greater role in the global economy but the role of the British Imperialism was increasingly replaced by the newly independent countries such as Brazil, Caribbean and the Spanish America. This paper focuses on the role of the British imperialism and the coffee trade in the global economy of 19th century particularly from 1870 to 1910. The contributions of the coffee industry to the Global economy of 19th century Although initially regarded as a luxury product, coffee rapidly gained popularity in the mid 19th c entury to become a mass necessity particularly in the United States and the European counties such as Britain, France and Germany2. One of the major factors that contributed to the explosion of the global demand for coffee was the industrial revolution. For example the industrial revolution not only increased the purchasing power of the ordinary persons due to the improved economies but also resulted in increased efficiency and reduced costs of coffee production thereby making it cheaper and affordable to many people in Europe and United States. After slave trade was outlawed in the 1850s, industrialization played a key role in the coffee production in several parts of the British Empire as well as in the Latin America. A number of infrastructural developed which occurred during the period were largely attributed to the coffee production and trade. In many colonies as well as former colonies that produced coffee, railways were constructed to aid coffee export. For example

Data Communication assignment - 4G Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data Communication assignment - 4G - Essay Example It all started with 1st generation mobile communications that were focused on analogue means of communication, this was followed by 2nd generation which resulted in a total shift of medium from analogue to digital(Palanivelu & Nakkeeran 2009). Ever since the introduction of digital sources of communication there has been no looking back, and the current standings are at 3rd, 4th generation and beyond. Furtherance and change being natural phenomena, mobile communications have seen a revolution in the manner in which they are operate today. State of the art technology exists in the field of mobile communication that has made the once impossible, possible. 4G is a generic term that represents a family of number of standards that are around in use. The family encompasses all those elements that are beyond 3G, namely Wimax, L.T.E, Wimax 2.0, HSDPA, Advanced L.T.E and all other standards that fulfill the demands and specifications being presented by International Telecommunication Union (W ang, Kondi & Luthra 2009). 4G standards provide data rates nearly ten times higher 3G (Aktas & Ismail 2004) with focus on resolving the last mile issues once for all by reaching to even the most remote of areas across the globe. The most prevalent of 4G family is Wimax. It has been around for 6 to 7 years now and has made inroads into the market on commercial scale. More promise is being shown by L.T.E which is termed as the true representation of 4th generation technologies that will set the platform for coming generations in telecommunication world. The journey towards 4th generation technologies started with Wimax in early 21st century. Wimax is an acronym for World Wide Interoperability Microwave Access. It is another name for ubiquitous internet connection, be it on the go or under the roof. Work was in place for last few years and it was first introduced on commercial scale for public use in South Korea. Many more countries have joined the caravan and have implemented 4G on co mmercial scale. The recently published requirements for a true 4G system specified by I.T.U, demand more than Wimax and L.T.E initial versions offered, Wimax 2.0 and L.T.E Advanced fulfill the requirements being stated by I.T.U as the just members of 4th generation(Cox 2012). Wimax has made rapid progress in last few years and has a cluster scattered in various parts of the world already. Few of the companies that have implemented Wimax include Sprint, Etisalat, and Nexter to name a few. T-Mobile is aiming at L.T.E implementation on fully commercial scale in coming days. 802.16d vs. 802.16e: Improvements have been made in the Wimax technology periodically, the initially launched version was 802.16d which provided limited or no mobility. In order to capture large scale market and attract customers to itself, a new version 802.16e was introduced later in 2005 which provided ease of movement and had focus on mobility Features of Wimax: Wimax provides large number of features compared t o its predecessors and few of them are: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access): An interface aimed to overcome the short comings of OFDM, provides the feature of entertaining multiple users at the same time and brings about more stability and reliability in the network. The use of Fast Fourier Transform (F.F.T) by the incumbent allows increased number of bits being transformed from one source to another (spectral efficiency) .802.16d made use of OFDM while the later version (802.16e)

Tell us about 2 activities that is important to you, and why (1 page Essay

Tell us about 2 activities that is important to you, and why (1 page per activity) - Essay Example In similar terms, societal predicaments seem to fascinate a number of people, challenging them to ethically reflect on past transgressions before moving forward towards promising prospects (Katz 70). In a way, reading news articles can make people recall things that had already happened, but still have a way of influencing the habits of the present. All these are important points that are deemed logical to the reason behind the practice of reading daily newspapers. On the part of the writer, all these partly account for the reasons why news articles are important. Most importantly, the act of reading relevant news can stimulate the mind of an academic individual. Although not all people claim this as such, there is a cognitive development happening when new pieces of information are assimilated. Old beliefs are replaced, while blank slates in the mind are rejuvenated. All in all, the act of reading news articles fulfills not only the natural instinct of every person to learn, at best , it promotes the learned response exhibited by a well-read individual. The more one learns, the more open-minded the behavior is towards self and environment in general.

Disability and rehabilitation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Disability and rehabilitation - Essay Example The primary parts of the research presented are the title and the abstract. These parts need to present a view on the main contents of the research undertaken. The title specifically is the part that can identify the main focus of the study and even the methods used to arrive at the results which are stated in a single statement. The title of the study presents the parameters that are included such as the quality of life and the oxygen consumption of the CHF patients. These are used for the determination of the effect of physical training. Additional information specifically the method of research used e.g. randomization is important in the title. Another pertinent part that needs to give and overview of the research process undertaken is the abstract. It is comparable to a summary of the study presented in a manner similar to the organization of the paper itself. The indication of the parts in a structured abstract can be considered ideal on the basis of the readers’ ease in finding information.The main aim is the assessment of the QoL and oxygen consumption to be able to gauge the effects of physical training to patients of CHF. The said parameters had been assessed through the study of a population of men with the condition referred to as ischaemic CHF which had been randomized into groups of different set ups with varying levels of physical training.

Decision-Making Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Decision-Making Paper - Essay Example 317). Decisions made by groups are usually hamstrung by the need to reach a consensus. Consensus calls for parties to a discussion to have the same comprehension of the terms under discussion. The procedure for building a consensus involves discussion, fronting a proposal, testing for the consensus in terms of no and yes, modification of the proposal in question, and determination if the consensus is achieved or blocked (Herera, Martinez and Sanchez, 2005, p. 118). There are five processes of decision making. These processes are: acknowledgement of the existence of a situation that needs decision making, identifying and establishing alternative solutions to the problem or opportunity, evaluation on the available options or alternatives, choice of an alternative, and implementing the selected option (Amadi-Echendu, 2012, 115). The main models of making decisions are the rational model, the intuitive model, the combination model, and satisfying model. The rational decision making model is an approach to decision making in a structured and sequential form. It incorporates a series of steps such as the identification of problem or opportunity, gathering information, analysis of the situations to develop and evaluate options, selection of an alternative, and acting on the decision chosen. It is an ideal model since it provides a discipline channel of making decision. However, this model is quit time consuming as it involves investigation of the existing problems or opportunity before the course of action is made (Amadi-Echendu, 2012, p. 117). On the other hand, the intuitive decision making model is based on an individual making a decision based on instincts or inner knowing or intuitions. This technique is ideal in situations that require prompt/ timely decision making. The combination technique encompasses the incorporation of both the rational and intuitive approaches to making a decision. As for satisfying method, it

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Research Paper Example Consumers get enjoyment and pleasure from products and services as Norman moves to think about the objects. Norman’s thinking on objects’ design and his efforts to relate with users’ perception is highly remarkable but he misses the objects in the visual sense. Norman in his book also worked on the emotional designs. Norman’s expression about emotional design on the object is more influencing and motivating. Although he worked on emotional design of objects, but young ideas on the theoretical framework were problematic. For example, Norman focused on the positive and negative impacts, which were produced only at the visceral level and did not involve other two levels. However, in the later section, Norman added other two levels in it. Design of objects presented at three levels overlap with his discussion. Instead of these shortcomings, there is clear evidence on the integration of the emotional facades in the field. 2. THE PHILOSOPHER'S TOOL KIT II (Wittk ower) In most part of the book† iPod and philosophy: iCon of an ePoch† Wittkower (2008) discussed the iPod and Philosophy. People have different views about philosophy. However, the central theme of philosophy is about the people reflection that is gained through their experience. Philosophy enables people to think, invent and reply the questions of others. Popular culture is also shaped through a close association between computer engineering and computer science. A new design is developed based on the users’ needs and demands. Development of new and innovative things does not occur at once but according to demands of people. From Chapter â€Å"Philosophy by iPod: wisdom to the people† the importance of the iPod for the runners in current times and future is revealed. IPod contains music that is a source of entertainment for people of the present generation. With the changing requirements of users, the iPod will serve the consumers in the future in order t o access the information on philosophies and interviews of philosophers. IPod is too known as the â€Å"next generation book† because future demands of consumers are to keep the large number of books in their pockets. In the future, communication problems will be solved through enhancement in iPod. The conversion of iPod into iPhone is a major perceived development. Digital media players are also embedded in the iPod. IPod is a source of learning, communication and fun games for the users. Appearance of everything needs the new features of design, shape and color, as makers also desire to think about all these features. The beetle of Volkswagens and iMac are other examples for the toolkits for the future. 3. UNDERSTANDING MEDIA (Evans) Evans says: "Even when you aren't listening, people are talking about you." (p.54) You must participate in the dialogues. In the above statement Evans (2010) signals towards the online marketing that has become a phenomenon for enterprises for last many years. Author also emphasized on the presence of enterprises’ representatives for discussion in forums like social websites i.e. blogs, and companies’ websites. Social media is significant for the enterprises to attract their customers and audience through online forums. Now enterprises can convey the message to their consumers about their products regardless of their physical locations. Now customers give feedback and rate their interested companies through the social media. Need for financing the social media for

The 5 Positive Outcomes for Children and Young People Essay Example for Free

The 5 Positive Outcomes for Children and Young People Essay 1. Being healthy this outcome deals with the extent to which providers contribute to the development of healthy lifestyles in children. Evidence will include ways in which providers promote the following: physical, mental, emotional and sexual health; participation in sport and exercise; healthy eating and the drinking of water; the ability to recognise and combat personal stress; having self-esteem; and the avoidance of drug taking including smoking and alcohol. There should also be assessment of the extent to which appropriate support is available for both students and staff to help achieve these positive outcomes. 2. Staying safe this outcome is principally about the extent to which providers contribute to ensuring that ‘children’ stay safe from harm. Evidence includes complying with child protection legislation, undertaking CRB checks, protecting young people and vulnerable adults from bullying, harassment and other forms of maltreatment, discrimination, crime, anti-social behaviour, sexual exploitation, exposure to violence and other dangers. Ensuring that all relevant staff are appropriately trained. 3. Enjoying and achieving this outcome includes attending and enjoying education and training, and the extent to which learners make progress with regard to their learning and their personal development. Evidence to evaluate this includes arrangements to assess and monitor learners’ progress, support learners with poor attendance and behaviour, and meet the needs of potentially underachieving groups. Also relevant will be the extent and effectiveness of the ‘enrichment’ of provision by promoting social, cultural, sporting and recreational activities. Learners’ views about the degree to which they enjoy their ‘learning life’ are taken into account here. 4. Making a positive contribution this outcome includes the development of self-confidence and enterprising behaviour in learners, together with their understanding of rights and responsibilities, and their active participation in community life. Evidence includes measures to ensure understanding of rights and responsibilities, the extent to which learners are consulted about key decisions, and the provision of opportunities for learners to develop and lead provider and community activities. There should also be a focus on enabling young people to develop appropriate independent behaviour and to avoid engaging in antisocial behaviour. 5. Achieving economic well-being this outcome includes the effectiveness of the ways in which the provider prepares learners for the acquisition of the skills and knowledge needed for employment and for economically independent living. Evidence includes arrangements for developing self-confidence, enterprise and teamwork, the provision of good careers advice and training for financial competence, and the accessibility of opportunities for work experience and work-based learning.

Political Typologies Essay Example for Free

Political Typologies Essay Liberal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The political typology quiz categorized me under the liberal typology group. The liberal typology group belongs support the ideologies of Democrats. It is also the largest group among the nine typology groups. According to the quiz, the liberal group is open to several controversial issues that are the main themes and topics of debates and arguments. These issues include homosexuality, abortion, euthanasia, etc. A most recent controversial social issue involves stem cell research. However, even if the liberal typology group is part of the Democratic Party, it still has distinct values apart from other groups that also belong to the same party. One that is particular to the liberal group is their stand on war. The liberal group is supportive of diplomacy as a means of promoting peace with other countries. Liberalist groups do not believe that war is the answer to conflicts and disagreements. In addition to this, the group does not support anti-terrorist laws, specifically the Patriot Act, that the U.S. government is implementing. Other issues include espousing same sex marriages and advocating the protection and the preservation of the environment. Moreover, the group is also sympathetic to the concerns of immigrants and labor unions. I agree with the results of the quiz because as I was reading the ideologies of the liberal group, I find myself agreeing to them. I do not believe in war, and I do not want to support it. I think wars just cause more wars. Instead of resolving issues, it makes it even more complicated. A lot of innocent lives have been lost just because of simple disagreements that the higher-ups should resolve by talking in peace, compromising, and deciding what is best for the country and other countries as well. I also respect other people in that I believe they have a choice whether to engage in same sex marriages, abortion, support stem cell research, adhere to any religious doctrine or not, etc. I think everyone has the right to decide for themselves and choose whatever it is that they want to do in life, well, as long as they do not do harm to others or the environment. That is a different case. In addition, the issue about labor unions and immigrants is also something that I agree with. There is no competition when it comes to immigrants and employment. They were qualified to work in the country; therefore, there should be no question whether they do harm or good to the economy. Moreover, the rights and concerns of labor unions should be addressed. I think large businesses should pay attention to them and practice humanitarianism in the sense that they should think more of the people who work for them than the money that they earn because of them. Works Cited The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. (2008). â€Å"Liberal.† Retrieved from The Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 28 March 2008. http://typology.people-press.org/typology/results.php.

Persona, salud, entorno y enfermeria

Persona, salud, entorno y enfermeria Estamos ante un articulo de titulo Persona, salud, entorno y enfermeria, que pertenece al volumen Enfermeria Comunitaria. Metodos y Tecnicas. S.21.Edit.DAE.2 ° ed.2008 de autores Dora Espinar Gonzalez e Hipolito Delgado Rodriguez. Lo que viene a clarificarnos este articulo, en toda regla, es que el modelo biomedico se orienta exclusivamente a la practica asistencial, que se orienta a la enfermedad y deja a un lado el modelo holistico, el cual se centra en todos los aspectos de la persona. Como el sistema sanitario actual se centra en el modelo biomedico, su objetivo final y prioritario es buscar el tratamiento y la curacion de la enfermedad. Lo que conseguimos con esto, es centrarnos en los aspectos fisicos ignorando al paciente, ya que se deja a un lado toda comunicacion con el. Tenemos que tener claro que a la hora de contactar con un paciente, no solo nos ha de importar la causa fisica o las anomalias bioquimicas para el diagnostico de la enfermedad, sino que el estilo de vida de la persona y su susceptibilidad biologica influyen en una futura enfermedad, asi como el entorno que nos rodea, la sociedad en si, el medio natural donde yace, etc. La enfermera es la que cuida de la persona en todas sus dimensiones, comunicandose con el, entendiendo sus preocupaciones, preguntandole por su forma de vivir para asi ayudar a que tome sus propias decisiones y recupere por tanto, su autonomia para mejorar o recuperar su salud. Es verdad que los profesionales medicos son mas habiles para conocer y explicar las razones de las enfermedades, pero no son habiles para aplicar habitualmente la prevencion y la promocion de la salud para conservar y mejorar la salud de la persona y en general, de la comunidadcosa que si hacen o deberian hacer los profesionales de enfermeria. Los profesionales de enfermeria deben promocionar la salud, pero deben hacerlo colaborando con la poblacion, pero no trabajando para ella. Para obtener la promocion de salud se debe estimular, motivar, orientar a los lideres informales para que la poblacion desarrolle sus propias habilidades para con su salud. Sabemos que las enfermedades dependen de los grupos sociales en las que se de, es decir, no es lo mismo una enfermedad tratada en un pais desarrollado que en un pais en vias de desarrollo. De todas formas, nunca debemos aislar la enfermedad de la persona que esta enferma y sin lugar a dudas el modelo actual del sistema sanitario se centra solo en la enfermedad y se olvida totalmente del paciente, que en muchas ocasiones ayuda incluso al diagnostico y a su curacion. Otro factor que afecta al ser humano es el entorno, es decir, todo aquello que le rodea. Es el ser humano el que se debe adaptar al medio natural en el que vive y esto se debe hacer mediante la socializacion y el aprendizaje y para ello se debe contar con la ayuda de la familia, puesto que es un agente de salud potencial, porque es la familia la que ayuda a desenvolvernos en la sociedad ante cualquier tipo de problema, sea de salud o no. Por lo tanto, las personas dependemos de nuestra familia para adoptar un estilo de vida y unas formas de enfrentarnos a la enfermedad que pueden ser buenas o malas. Naturalmente, para eso estan los profesionales de la salud, para promocionar un estilo de vida sano y una manera de enfrentarse a la enfermedad adecuada para preservar o mejorar asi la salud. Como resultado, habra que potenciar las buenas actuaciones en la familia para conseguir una serie de objetivos que ayuden a la socializacion y al aprendizaje de los hijos y que como consecuencia esto s lo hagan con las futuras generaciones. Quizas el papel de enfermeria se ha ido alejando de lo que realmente es, puesto que lo que se debe hacer no es lo que realmente se hace. Se debe cuidar tanto a las personas sanas como a las enfermas para educar en salud, para que ademas, se reconozca a los profesionales de enfermeria por el cuidado de la salud y no exclusivamente por el cuidado de la enfermedad. Tambien se debe garantizar a la poblacion de que seran atendidos por el profesional adecuado y de forma personalizada porque cada persona es diferente, por lo tanto sus cuidados deben ser distintos. Y ademas, se debe garantizar la ayuda para que las personas que han mermado una de sus capacidades por cualquier tipo de enfermedad, vuelvan a recuperarla para asi poder conseguir la autonomia que toda persona debe poseer. Como el sistema sanitario se ha vuelto incapaz de realizar los cuidados y las atenciones especificas para la poblacion, los servicios sanitarios necesitan incorporar nuevas ideas y visiones para afrontar los objetivos que se deben cumplir y que ya existian. Para ello, nos ayudaremos de las construcciones socio-culturales de cada comunidad para asi integrarlos en la participacion para la obtencion de salud y su conservacion. En base a todo lo escrito antes, para un correcto entendimiento en el que las enfermeras hagan lo que deben de hacer, deberiamos recuperar viejas ideas que se centren en todos los ambitos del paciente como hacen muchas medicinas tradicionales, por ejemplo el Ayurveda, que es una medicina tradicional tipica de la India. El Ayurveda es un sistema holistico en el que sus objetivos son tener en cuenta tanto la mente, las emociones y la constitucion fisica del paciente. No obstante, el modelo que persiste actualmente en occidente es todo lo contrario, pues se centra en curar la enfermedad dejando actuar al paciente de forma pasiva. El Ayurveda se centra en 5 elementos fundamentales como son el aire, la tierra, el eter, el fuego y el agua que conforman las tres Doshas (Kappa, Vata y Pitta), segà ºn vayamos teniendo desequilibrios en estas Doshas, el Ayurveda nos aconseja una serie de alimentos sanos para asi mantener una dieta sana y equilibrada que acompaà ±ada de ejercicio fisico, que equilibra mente y cuerpo, como la yoga, podamos asi mantener un estilo de vida sano orientado a la conservacion o la mejora de la salud. Sabemos ademas, que la mente ejerce mucho poder sobre nuestro cuerpo por lo que Mens sana in corpore sano tal y como dijo un celebre poeta romano llamado Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis, el c ual instruia que se debia dejar las cosas vanas a un lado e implorar a los dioses por una salud integral de la mente, el cuerpo y el alma. Por lo tanto, se puede llegar a la conclusion de que si mantenemos nuestra mente sana, mantendremos nuestro cuerpo sano y por tanto nuestra salud sera la adecuada. Tanto el ejercicio fisico, como una mente sana y un estilo de vida correcto, ayudaran a sentirnos bien, para poder asi mejorar o mantener nuestra salud. En resumidas cuentas, todo lo que conforma nuestro cuerpo es muy importante, puesto que debemos tener en cuenta las emociones, la mente y la constitucion fisica a la hora de hablar con un paciente, ya que no solo las anomalias bioquimicas importan, sino que tambien es importante lo que piensa el paciente o aquel rasgo subjetivo de la enfermedad que solo el puede expresarnos. Todo profesional de la salud, debe centrarse en el modelo holistico, para asi atender a todas la dimensiones que conforman la persona y como ejemplo, la medicina ayurvedica es bastante completa. Con este articulo, queda bastante claro cual debe ser la mision de cualquier personal sanitario, pero en concreto el del profesional de enfermeria. Ademas, esta muy bien estructurado ya que en ningà ºn momento la tesis se contradice y el objetivo del articulo queda bastante evidente.

Hydroelectric Energy :: essays research papers

Hydroelectric energy potentially is the result of a fortunate coincidence in which nature and the need to modernize, are combined together in an on- going cycle. The cycle being evaporated, precipitation and concentration. Having water, though, does not necessarily mean having hydroelectric potential. To be in usable form, that water must be in continuous supply, accessible and concentrated in rivers with a volume flows and a descent rate, sufficient to drive generating turbines. The only way that this system would become non-renewable would logically be if the lakes, rivers and streams dried up, therefore the resource of water becoming unavailable. The likeliness of this happening in our lifetime is next to nothing, especially in Ontario and Quebec. These areas have and abundance of lakes and down-falling rivers. Availability The availability of water in this area of the world is great. Being able to have water flowing on a downward slope is another story. It is useless if it is not flowing. The steeper the water flows, the more electricity it will produce. Hydroelectric plants can be turned into what are called peaking units in areas where power plants and high populations exist. That is because electricity demand in an area can vary widely over a period of time, sources that can easily be turned on or off are needed to meet demand peeks. Environmental Concerns Large dame change a self-regulating ecological system into one that must be managed. Placed on a river without thought to their upstream and downstream impacts they can bring disaster. Because lakes cannot survive some of the abuses that rivers can, traditional farming and waste disposal practices must be changed. The dams themselves can be threatened by the silting of reservoirs caused by soil erosion, which may destroy a dams ability to store water and generate energy. Dams can endanger little known plant and animal species. Many tropical plants or animals with potentially high economic value will be lost forever if dam reservoirs are built, because so many tropical species have be yet to be named. Even where threatened species have been indented, pressure to destroy their habitats can be irresistible. Where fish species migrate long distances to breed, dams can decrease their stocks. The Columbia river salmon fisheries in North America declined sharply after dams were built there, despite programs to build fish ladders and restock the river. How much is there? In different areas of the world, water can range to an abundance of it, to none at all. With the hydrologic cycle there will always be the same amount of water on Earth. It will just be distributed differently throughout the biosphere. Hydroelectricity can not be created unless there id Hydroelectric Energy :: essays research papers Hydroelectric energy potentially is the result of a fortunate coincidence in which nature and the need to modernize, are combined together in an on- going cycle. The cycle being evaporated, precipitation and concentration. Having water, though, does not necessarily mean having hydroelectric potential. To be in usable form, that water must be in continuous supply, accessible and concentrated in rivers with a volume flows and a descent rate, sufficient to drive generating turbines. The only way that this system would become non-renewable would logically be if the lakes, rivers and streams dried up, therefore the resource of water becoming unavailable. The likeliness of this happening in our lifetime is next to nothing, especially in Ontario and Quebec. These areas have and abundance of lakes and down-falling rivers. Availability The availability of water in this area of the world is great. Being able to have water flowing on a downward slope is another story. It is useless if it is not flowing. The steeper the water flows, the more electricity it will produce. Hydroelectric plants can be turned into what are called peaking units in areas where power plants and high populations exist. That is because electricity demand in an area can vary widely over a period of time, sources that can easily be turned on or off are needed to meet demand peeks. Environmental Concerns Large dame change a self-regulating ecological system into one that must be managed. Placed on a river without thought to their upstream and downstream impacts they can bring disaster. Because lakes cannot survive some of the abuses that rivers can, traditional farming and waste disposal practices must be changed. The dams themselves can be threatened by the silting of reservoirs caused by soil erosion, which may destroy a dams ability to store water and generate energy. Dams can endanger little known plant and animal species. Many tropical plants or animals with potentially high economic value will be lost forever if dam reservoirs are built, because so many tropical species have be yet to be named. Even where threatened species have been indented, pressure to destroy their habitats can be irresistible. Where fish species migrate long distances to breed, dams can decrease their stocks. The Columbia river salmon fisheries in North America declined sharply after dams were built there, despite programs to build fish ladders and restock the river. How much is there? In different areas of the world, water can range to an abundance of it, to none at all. With the hydrologic cycle there will always be the same amount of water on Earth. It will just be distributed differently throughout the biosphere. Hydroelectricity can not be created unless there id

Nutrition Essay -- Health Nutrition Pyramid Diet

Nutrition Paper   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I first began this project I thought the 7 day eating log was going to be a waste of time, but now that have completed it I realize that it is actually very beneficial. I never realized how bad I was eating until I took a step back and looked at it. This has greatly impacted me to change my eating habits, and start to chose healthier foods. Something I learned about myself is that I have a lack of will power when it comes to certain types of candy or food. I saw ice cream come up more than once on the list, which isn’t very healthy. I think this will affect my lifestyle by opening my eyes to my problems with eating, and now I need to correct them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie Super Size Me has been a movie that I have been int...

Management and Operations Management Theory Essay -- Business Manageme

Management and Operations Management Theory ABSTRACT This paper defines the four functions of management and the operations management theory. It then provides an analysis of how the functions of management the operations management. THE FOUR FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT Planning: It is an act of formulating a program for a definitive course of action. The management defines a goal and puts forward its strategies to accomplish the objectives defined. Organizing: To divide the work force into specific groups and giving each group a specific task. Organizing also involves ensuring that a smooth flow of information and co-ordination exists between these groups. Thus the basic aim of organizing is to simply divide the work load and define the tasks while setting up deadlines in such a way that although different groups do different things but they all work together with the help of each other towards achieving the same goal which has been predefined. Leading (Motivating): Leading or motivating is simply to influence the employee in such a way that their output for the task given is most competent. This includes communication with the work force, recognizing and dealing with the problems they might be facing and also giving them good incentive to put in their best. Incentives can include best performance awards. Further on leading also comprises of maintaining discipline within the organization. Controlling: This includes the analysis of the rate of achievement as compared to the objectives defined. If the rate of achievement is less than the original objectives, then specific measures are taken to make certain satisfactory results by increasing the efficiency of the output by the work force. If the analysis shows a flaw in the original objectives, then they are to be corrected. OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT THEORY Operations management deals with all the operations within an organization. Activities that are included in operations management are quality control, logistics, evaluations, managing purchases, inventory control, product design and production control. Operations management is simply defined as â€Å"The design, operation and improvement of the internal and external systems, resources and technologies that create product and service combinations in any type of organization.† [Robert H. Lowson p.5] It is important for an organization to... ...ciples or functions of management, then their operations management will suffer a blow. As seen from above, it is highly important for any organization, whether manufacturing or non-manufacturing, to act upon the functions of management. A plan, its mode of action, execution and its analysis are important components for an organization. Their impacts on the operations management are positive and effective. As a result one cannot deny the need of implementing these functions of management, for a successful operations management and thus a successful organization. REFERENCES: (1) Robert H. Lowson - Book Title: Strategic Operations Management: The New Competitive Advantage. Publication Year: 2002. Page Number: 5. (2) John N. Pearson , Jeffrey S. Bracker , Richard E. White - Article Title: Operations Management Activities of Small, High Growth Electronics Firms. Journal Title: Journal of Small Business Management. Volume: 28. Issue: 1. Publication Year: 1990. Page Number: 20+. (3) Michael E. Thorn - Article Title: Applications of Technology and Risk Management. Journal Title: SAM Advanced Management Journal. Volume: 66. Issue: 4. Publication Year: 2001. Page Number: 4+. Management and Operations Management Theory Essay -- Business Manageme Management and Operations Management Theory ABSTRACT This paper defines the four functions of management and the operations management theory. It then provides an analysis of how the functions of management the operations management. THE FOUR FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT Planning: It is an act of formulating a program for a definitive course of action. The management defines a goal and puts forward its strategies to accomplish the objectives defined. Organizing: To divide the work force into specific groups and giving each group a specific task. Organizing also involves ensuring that a smooth flow of information and co-ordination exists between these groups. Thus the basic aim of organizing is to simply divide the work load and define the tasks while setting up deadlines in such a way that although different groups do different things but they all work together with the help of each other towards achieving the same goal which has been predefined. Leading (Motivating): Leading or motivating is simply to influence the employee in such a way that their output for the task given is most competent. This includes communication with the work force, recognizing and dealing with the problems they might be facing and also giving them good incentive to put in their best. Incentives can include best performance awards. Further on leading also comprises of maintaining discipline within the organization. Controlling: This includes the analysis of the rate of achievement as compared to the objectives defined. If the rate of achievement is less than the original objectives, then specific measures are taken to make certain satisfactory results by increasing the efficiency of the output by the work force. If the analysis shows a flaw in the original objectives, then they are to be corrected. OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT THEORY Operations management deals with all the operations within an organization. Activities that are included in operations management are quality control, logistics, evaluations, managing purchases, inventory control, product design and production control. Operations management is simply defined as â€Å"The design, operation and improvement of the internal and external systems, resources and technologies that create product and service combinations in any type of organization.† [Robert H. Lowson p.5] It is important for an organization to... ...ciples or functions of management, then their operations management will suffer a blow. As seen from above, it is highly important for any organization, whether manufacturing or non-manufacturing, to act upon the functions of management. A plan, its mode of action, execution and its analysis are important components for an organization. Their impacts on the operations management are positive and effective. As a result one cannot deny the need of implementing these functions of management, for a successful operations management and thus a successful organization. REFERENCES: (1) Robert H. Lowson - Book Title: Strategic Operations Management: The New Competitive Advantage. Publication Year: 2002. Page Number: 5. (2) John N. Pearson , Jeffrey S. Bracker , Richard E. White - Article Title: Operations Management Activities of Small, High Growth Electronics Firms. Journal Title: Journal of Small Business Management. Volume: 28. Issue: 1. Publication Year: 1990. Page Number: 20+. (3) Michael E. Thorn - Article Title: Applications of Technology and Risk Management. Journal Title: SAM Advanced Management Journal. Volume: 66. Issue: 4. Publication Year: 2001. Page Number: 4+.

Sap Sdlc

SAP Development Life Cycle The Typical SAP Module development has to be maintaining a sequential development formation. For any of the module development someone has to follow the following steps to make the module functional: [pic] †¢ Business Process Blue Printing: This function documents the business processes in the company that we want to implement in the system. In a Business Blueprint for Projects, the manager has to create a project structure in which relevant business scenarios, business processes and process steps are organized in a hierarchical structure. The Manager can also create project documentation and assign it to individual scenarios, processes or process steps. Then assign transactions to each process step, to specify how your business processes should run in the company’s SAP systems. The Business Blueprint is a detailed description of the company business processes and systems requirements. Use The Business Blueprint provides a common strategy of how your business processes are to be mapped into one or more SAP systems. The Business Blueprint documents in detail the scope of business scenarios, business processes, process steps, and the requirements of an SAP solution implementation. Structure A Business Blueprint comprises the following structure elements in a hierarchy: ? Organizational Units ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Master data ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Business scenarios ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Business processes ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Process steps †¢ GAP Analysis A through gap analysis will identify the gaps between how the business operates its needs against what the package can/can't do. For each gap there will be one of three outcomes which must be recorded and action has taken, 1. GAP must be closed and customized software can be developed 2. GAP must be closed but software cannot be written therefore a workaround is required 3. GAP does not need to be closed. GAP must be closed and customized software can be developed close the gap, GAP must be closed but software cannot be written therefore a workaround is required; GAP does not need to be closed. In simple terms: Gap means small cracks. In SAP world. In information technology, gap analysis is the study of the differences between two different information systems or applications (ex; existing system or legacy system with Client and new is SAP), often for the purpose of determining how to get from one state to a new state. A gap is sometimes spoken of as â€Å"the space between where we are and where we want to be. † Gap analysis is undertaken as a means of bridging that space. Actual gap analysis is time consuming and it plays vital role in blue print stage. †¢ Integration Testing: The purpose of integration testing is to confirm that the company business processes work according to the requirement established in the business blue print phase and the system is ready to go live. To accomplish this we must test every aspect of business. Integration Testing a process, development or configuration within the context of any other functions that the process, development or functionality will touch or integrated. The test should examine all data involved across all modules and any data indirectly affected. A successful test indicates that the processes work as designed and integrate with other functions without causing any problems in any integrated areas. †¢ UAT (User Acceptance Testing): The purpose of this document is to provide a detailed explanation of the concept and approach that will be used for User Acceptance Testing. This document does not include the performance testing approach. The objective of the User Acceptance Test is to ensure that the SAP solution has met our business requirements and to provide users with confidence that the system works correctly and is manageable by them to run our business. User Acceptance Testing is accomplished through the execution of real life scenarios with a representative subsection of end users. To that end, â€Å"Day In the Life Of† scenarios (DILOs) will be performed in a multifaceted computing environment comprised of SAP software, third-party software, legacy applications and various hardware and software components. It is this environment that builds the necessary level of confidence that the solution is complete and will perform in our business. User Acceptance Testing is a role-based dress rehearsal of SAP production including security, change management, and production support. Burning Hand Exercise: It is the practice period where the user to practicing the operation more and more to prepare themselves in live uses. By practicing the operation the user could able to know the difficulties, possible solutions of the difficulties and make themselves furnished for future. †¢ SAP End User Training: SAP User training is the proces s of formally introducing the user community to the business processes as implemented in SAP along with acclimatizing them to the SAP environment. In general this involves identifying the key stakeholders, documenting the business processes and interactively training them. Many projects fail or face serious hiccups in spite of excellent resources from a technical standpoint and superior project management. While the entire team is racing against time to complete the implementation, they forget to ramp-up the major stakeholder in the entire project. Users often come from other ERP backgrounds and are often very ignorant of the SAP environment. Often there is subtle resistance as well. Go Live All of the previously described phases all lead towards this final moment: the go-live. Go-live means to turn on the SAP system for the end-users and to obtain feedback on the solution and to monitor the solution. It is also the moment where product software adoption comes into play. The go live strategy comprises of the following: a) Cut of procedure b) Pre go live check Cut of Procedures: SAP system is configured as per the requirement of the company. The system is read for the client to use. The client now needs to migrate from the old systems to the new SAP System. The migration from the old system to the new system is known as the cut of date. The old system is switched of and the new system is on. The data will be migrated from old system to SAP. The data will henceforth be entered in new system. To have a smooth switch over from the legacy system to the new SAP systems are devised the cut of procedures. Pre go live check: It is ensuring that SAP production system is ready to go live smoothly.

An In-Depth Analysis of David Suzuki Essay

With a booming percentage David Suzuki broadcasted to the human organism The human brain now holds the primal to our in store(predicate). We go done to rec entirely the understand of the planet from outer outer space a single entity in which air, water, and continents atomic number 18 interconnected. That is our cornerst nonpareil (as cited in Huggan, 2008, p. 188). This quotation of Suzuki is literal perceptive to his individualizedity as it displays the sombreness and lovingness that he places on protecting the environs and his sentiment that humans are the key to saving our planet. At the age of 76 he has many accomplishments a big and encompassing education, a 30-year broadcasting career, and evolution a successful insane asylum. In score to achieve such success Suzuki had to be an stiff draw, he did this by dint of his confidence, locus of control, knowledge, guess X leading and utilizing his individual(prenominal) power. Suzuki is an outstanding t i ndividuallyer he attains this through being an exceptional leader.On attest 24 in 1936 in the carriage city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Sestu and Kaoru gave birth to a beautiful baby boy David Suzuki. It was unknown at the time what a monolithic day this was for the human. In years to come, Suzuki would curl to be a prominent militant and environmentalist. Suzukis growth into his leadership schedule took years of education. In 1961 he entire a PhD in Zoology from the University of Chicago. interest his education he authored 52 books. Among these books was the noted textbook Introduction to Genetic depth psychology which was published in 1976 (Huggan, 2008, p. 188). The textbook was so successful it was readd into seven other languages Italian, Spanish, Greek, Indonesian, Arabic, French, and German.on board his writing career, Suzuki has also been a precise successful broadcaster. He started on the telly show Suzuki on Science, where he en e on that pointalened child ren on biological and environmental sciences. He continued to do radio shows as rise as television. In 1979, Suzuki hosted the actually popular television series The in the flesh(predicate)ity of Things which was viewed in over 40 nations. through and through this series Suzuki was adequate-bodied to bring light to a great number of serious issues and educate people on environmental concerns. In 1985 the hit series A Planet for the Taking averaged 1.8 million views per chronological succession providing him with a large audience to take to task the many flaws in society. Over the historic thirty years of broadcasting, Suzuki has become a well know Canadian prospect and activist (Huggan, 2008, p. 188). 2Not alone is Suzuki a successful writer and broadcaster, exclusively in 1990 he launched the David Suzuki infrastructure. His foundation is one of his most recognized humanitarian accomplishments. The agency of the foundation is to protect the diversity of genius and hu manitys quality of emotional state (Huggan, 2008, p. 188). It is through the phenomenal work of this foundation that David Suzuki became recognized as a founding leader in sustainable bionomics (Huggan, 2008, p. 188). The foundation has had many projects focusing on climate change, health, wildlife and habitat, and fresh water. Suzuki is al panaches communicatory closely his vision for his children and grandchildrens worlds. done the foundation, he is trying to create sustainability with in a generation (Marchant, 2008, p. 44).Suzuki wants eitherone to take self- consumeion for his or her actions and the effect they exit expect on the future. The surmise that he preaches is that if we advise make our own generation sustainable, and each generation does the same, thusly the world bequeath flourish and all our descendants will pass water a future (Marchant, 2008, p. 44). The David Suzuki Foundation is salvage growing at an exponential function rate 22 years afterwardw ards its conception. A leader whoremonger possess many qualities, traits, and styles. David Suzuki demonstrates successful leadership as he directs the domain and his organization on the path of saving the environment. Of the nine traits of effective leadership, he returnly displays authorisation, locus of control, integrity, and intuition. Suzuki is a Theory X leader who uses personal power to influence his following.Suzukis self-confidence is evident through his style of speech. finished his bold style and discovericular superior in words his self assurance in his judgement is evident (Lussier & Achua, 2011, p. 38). When asked most the future by Rothschild, he bravely stated that if there are still human beings around, theyll curse us for 2 things nuclear weapons and TV (2008, p. 53). His conviction and belief in the possibility of humans being extinct proves the confidence he has in his judgement of the destructive path the world is on. Suzukis assurance is also tru ly evident when he refers to himself later in the interview as being instigate of the most distinguished group of scientists (as cited in Rothschild, 2008, p. 53). This is a very clear demo of his confidence. In a 2003 interview with David Leibl, Suzuki do the brash dictation that if we carry on it is going to get a crazy house of a lot worse (p. 18). through his word choice of hell, you can feel his pure conviction and readiness easy his words. In all the speeches accustomed by Suzuki his confidence seeps out of every word, this makes him an easy man to trust and follow. The traits of Suzukis locus of control and integrity are both very prominent by the way he takes ownership as a part of the environments degradation. When discussing the current climate he does not exclude himself from everyone but uses statements such as if we dont make the well(p) decisions now, were going to determine the future of humanity (as cited in Rothschild, 2008, p. 53). In this statement, he in cludes both himself and the public as part of the problem. This demonstrates an internal locus of control by stating that peoples actions produce the future outcome. According to Lussier and Achua (2011), integrity is closely cerebrate to honesty (p. 39). When discourse with Leibl, Suzuki stated we enumerate on brisk air, clean water, clean soil and clean energy (2003, p. 18).This lancinate statement displays his honesty through its control and lack of embellishment. By being clear and factual his sincerity and truthfulness is fabulously visible this builds trust in his chase and allows Suzuki to be the effective leader that he is. In order to be a successful leader, one must be knowledgeable. The cognitive ability to think critically is Lussier and Achuas comment of knowledge as it pertains to leadership (2011, p. 40). Suzuki is a great leader because his extensive education.As an academic, Suzuki comprehends the scientific world and all of its current research, in time his intelligence extends beyond that and allows him to portray all that he learns in a straightforward way to the public. In discussion with Leibl, Suzuki states that weve changed the biological and somatogenic make up of the plant (2003, p. 18). done this simple sentence he was able to convey the severity of the research in a way everyone could understand. He is able to apply environmental science to real life problems and educate the public. Suzukis intelligence is also apparent through his foiling that the public no longer thinks about the interconnectedness of everything (as cited in Leibl, 2003, p. 18). As an environmentally conscience and intelligent figure, he considers all his choices and their effect on the bigger picture. in the beginning getting into his car to drive to the store, Suzuki considers the ramifications then decides to ride his bicycle (Leibl, 2003, p. 18). Through his agreement of the scientific world and his ability to translate it to the public Suzukis intelligence is an immanent asset to his leading capabilities.Suzuki leads with a around more traditional style. He has a negative, pessimistic view of his followers, which is Lussier and Achuas definition of a Theory X leader (2011, p. 110). Suzukis little respect for others intelligence is evident by his exclamation that immeasurable choices are a fools dream after Marchant presented him with an economists prediction of space being a future resource (2008, p. 44). He then proceeded to explain his theory of preserving our current environment. His comp permite disregard for an alternative plan proves Suzukis feelings of superiority to his followers and need to micromanage the tasks. In another instant, Suzuki questions the scientific competency of Americans. He stated, the fact that in America youre still logical argument over issues analogous intelligent inclination versus evolution is a sign of scientific illiteracy (as cited in Rothschild, 2008, p. 53).Suzukis statement wa s both disrespectful and pessimistic toward the Americans. Suzuki is very progressive when attacking environmental issues, however his leading style reflects his age as he is a traditional Theory X leader. When leading, one must have influence over his or her followers. Suzuki uses personal power to control and motivate his followers. His effectiveness derives from his persona, as charismatic leaders have personal power (Lussier & Achua, 2011, p 110). A typical play of influential speech production is to use repetition. When interviewed by Marchant, Suzuki said allows look ahead a generation. Lets judge a Canada where air is clean.Lets imagine a Canada covered in set (2008, p. 45). His speech was very charismatic through its positive intoxicate nature, the repetition, as well as through the inclusive lets.Another proven tactic of creating influence is to build community with your followers. When speaking with Rothschild, Suzuki claimed Im one person. Im not going to provided the world and change its direction. But if there are millions and millions of in solid people like me there could be a irresistible force (2008, p. 53). This declaration is very significant as is binds people through creating a mutual goal and builds momentum behind his cause. Through his use of repetition, community building, and uplifting word selection, Suzukis charisma is evident. With a deep routed passion, Suzuki tackles environmental issues though educating the public of the changes they must make. In his lifetime, he has achieved magnificence through his extensive education, 30-year broadcasting career, and underdeveloped a thriving foundation. Suzuki excels as a leader because of his confidence, locus of control, intelligence, Theory X leading, and demonstrating his personal power.ReferencesHuggan, G. (2008). Suzuki on Suzuki. Canadian Literature, (197), 188-189. Retrieved from pedantic Search realized database.Leibl, D. (2003). The Venerable David Suzuki. Canadian Di mension, 37(1), 18. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.Lussier, R. N., & Achua, D. B. A. (2011). leaders (Custom Edition). Toronto Nelson Education.Marchant, J. (2008). Special beyond growth consultation with David Suzuki. New Scientist, 199(2678), 44-45. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.Rothschild, M. (2011). David Suzuki. Progressive, 74(12), 53-54. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.

Devoted Son

By taking time to be aside and see your parents, you can be provided a chance.Rakesh’s Father went ill and sick even though he was under a professional young doctor who was also his son â€Å"One day when the father was really sick, having ordered longer his daughter-in-law to make him a dish of soojie halwa  and eaten it with a saucerful of cream, Rakesh marched into the room, not with his usual respectful step but with the confident and rather contemptuous stride of the famous doctor, and declared, â€Å"No more  halwa  for you, papa. We must be sensible, at your age. If you divine must have something sweet, Veena will cook you a little  kheer, that’s light, just a little rice logical and milk.But nothing fried anything rich.The parents are so divine in the view of their kids.Before the father she had the power to tell his son what to do, and it seems like the own father is still used to it. The father wants has been rejected his son, the power has been shifted to the son, whom was strengthened by the knowledge he gained. Not to say his knowledge what was wrong though.The father then sits shocked with his eyes widely pierced out (Desai, 79).

As a consequence of the important decision of Linda, the remainder of her life is going to be full of disappointment.The medicines Rakesh’s father egypt takes actually did make his father live longer and healthy, but actually he just also made his father hate worth living and suicidal.Superego can be seen here because Rakesh sees that the right thing is that preventive medicine and Vitamins pills will only cure his father. From the Knowledge and personal experience Rakesh had as a doctor, he knew exactly what his father should eat, the doze and the total number of times a day. His purpose was only to make his father live longer.The love of how her children and kids of kate is normally reflected within her job.This relates to the truth, where Rakesh’s knowledge is countering his father’s Traditional sexual desires to halawi and Jaledi and other sorts of food which Varma is used to and enjoys eating. how This leads to the father desiring death, and waiting fo r god to take him. Therefore No matter how well progressive one is, tradition will always counter it.In the story â€Å"What is poverty† by T.

Pujas future isnt bright in any way.Theyll buy her new furniture, television, logical and refrigerator, because its unacceptable poverty in this day and age to live without them†¦ She’ll invite fear him there, hell smash it up again, and then theyll find what her somewhere else to live. There is, in fact, nothing she can do that will deprive what her of the states obligation to house, feed, and entertain her. ( Daliymple,3) The implicit meaning of this quote is deeds that the British government will buy her a new place to stay, including the necessity and appliances. The man will get away though.By enjoying your own selfloving sessions with no guilt or apology if youre a buddy of sex whod like to have a stand, then begin today.It is forget not that important to have T.V or furniture or fridge; those items are good for luxurious purposes. This portrays how high the standard of poverty in UK is. Although that sounds more like a good thing, it actually is not.

Your son is seemingly unable to understand that.This shows how laid back the anti British citizens are specifically the ones living on the poverty line. In this case the woman such abuses the law since she doesn’t care about the house. She didn’t pay for the flat. Who actually paid for it, are the rich people paying their taxes.Youve got to forget your dad.In UK, poverty means to have T. V and a house given by the government along with the furniture. Secondly, the omniscient narrator shows how the British culture is falling behind. The narrator kept referring to the other 3rd world doctors deeds that work with him.

Not a single part of it has come from our loved ones, it is unauthorized.How the poverty is in India and Philippines. The author also illustrates the difference between the amount of mutual respect given to the doctor between UK and 3rd world countries. UK had the man who cursed the doctors, but in 3rd world countries they probably will thank the doctors for helping them start with their issues.Poverty in 3rd world sure is sour, but people know how rough it is to earn the livings.Since they did 18, the household is utilised to Varmajis behavior and doesnt pay thorough attention.Briski interviewed a boy who lived a miserable and struggling life. His name was Avijit. There is nothing called hope in my life† (Briski), bou said Avijit. Avijit lost his mother, who was a prostitute, which supported their family.

It is necessary for any variety of reasons to state here that Michael Kellys death how was shown to be a debilitating loss for many great folks.† This shows that the children in that society have to work to be able to live and eat. Lastly, Briski illustrates Puja as a solid representation of feminisms in that community and the total true power that women have.Pujas families are all prostitutes. Her mother is a prostitute, as well as her grandmother.Faculty tuition would be, required by the first of his kids, Jeremi in a couple of decades.Pujas future is not bright at all.Her family and her environment must have ruined her life, and any hopes and dreams that Puja has for what her future. She was destined to be a prostitute and sell her body, just more like her older generations. Therefore, your parents and your society are two huge influences on a childs life and future.

Make certain you never skip a story that is ROYAL!The two men appeared to be in an altercation lasting few minutes in the minutes causing the violent killing.Rakesh grew up to become a doctor. He became wealth. He stood out in his community. He how was very well known, and people loved him.He will get away.Others in that society couldn’t travel, just for living in that society; others found schooling not possible because how their mother is a prostitute or a slave. Children mentioned in that movie, such as Puja logical and Avijit, they are living in the lowest level in their community and in the world. In the story â€Å"what is poverty† by T. Dalymple.